ALBANIA_ILIRE_PELLAZGE: Etimologjitë e shqipes Bardhyl Demiraj

Etimologjitë e shqipes (studime në gjuhën shqipe

Fjalori i trashëguar), Bardhyl Demiraj

The Albanian inherited lexicon

https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/alb.html

This file was derived from Albanische Etymologien (Untersuchungen zum albanischen

Erbwortschatz), Bardhyl Demiraj, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 7; Amsterdam -

Atlanta 1997. That publication is referenced (by page) via "AE nnn". The database was

compiled by Bardhyl Demiraj in 1998-1999, and converted to the Starling format by Sergei

Starostin and Alexander Lubotsky in 1999-2000. The database is being currently revised by

Alexander Lubotsky and Michiel de Vaan. Their comments are marked with [AL/MdV].

The forms separated by a slash (/) belong to the Tosk and Gheg dialects respectively.

Otherwise, the dialectal provenance is explicitly stated. (tg) - both Tosk and Gheg, (t) - Tosk,

(g) Gheg.

In the verbal labels, "r" means `reflexive'.

"PAlb." refers to a period from Late-IE until the beginning of the Latin influence (100

BC).

The symbols _x_ have the following meaning: _+_ = the word is of IE date or derived

from an IE root; _−_ = the word belongs to the substratum layer (although it is also attested in

other languages); _?_ = the etymology is uncertain.

a [1] [particle] (tg) {1} ‘or’

PAlb. *(h)au (AE 69)

PIE *h2eu-, root *h2u ‘that’ _+_ (Pok. 73)

Gr. αὖ ‘on the other hand, again’

Notes: {1} Proclitic disjunctive particle, used with one or more parts of the sentence.

a [2] [particle] (tg) ‘probably, perhaps’

PAlb. *(h)an (AE 69)

PIE *h2en, root *h2n ‘there’ _+_ (Pok. 37)

Lat. an ‘yes, perhaps’

Notes: {1} Interrogative particle, usually used proclitically in simple sentences.

a ̊ [3] [particle] (tg) {1} ‘there’

PAlb. *(h)au ̊ (AE 70)

PIE *h2eu-, root *h2u ‘that’ _+_ (Pok. 73)

Gr. αὖ ‘on the other hand, again’

Notes: {1} Deictic particle, pointing afar, only used in the pronominal system in compounds.

ag [m] (tg) ‘dawn, early morning; black mark round the eyes’

PAlb. *(h)aug-

Alb. agull [m] (g) ‘alba, aurora’ {1} (AE 72)

PIE *h2eug-, root *h2ug ‘day-light’ _?_ (Pok. 87)

Gr. αὐγή ‘day-light, splendor’

Notes: {1} agull is an Alb. formation with the suffix -ull.

ahë / avë [f] ‘breath; vapour; soul, spirit’

PAlb. *(h)aua̅ {1}

Alb. afsh [m] (tg) ‘breath; vapour, sultriness’ {2}, cf. aft (AE 72)

PIE *h2euh1-o- {3}, root *h2uh1 ‘breath, wind’ _?_ (Pok. 81f)

Gr. (Hes.) ἄος . τό πνευ̃μα

Notes: {1} Alb. feminine a̅-stem. {2} afsh is an Alb. formation with the suffix -sh. {3} The

Schwebe-ablaut makes the connection uncertain.

aft, aht [m] (tg) ‘breath, vapour, fiery breath of the fire’

PAlb. *(h)auet-, cf. ahë (AE 71)

PIE *h2euh1-et-, root *h2uh1 ‘breath’ _?_ (Pok. 81f)

Gr. ἀϋτμή ‘breath, fiery breath, fragrance’; (Hes.) ἀετμόν . τό πνευ̃μα

ah {1} ‘oh, ow(ch) (interjection of pain, annoyance, surprise)’

PAlb. *(h)ai/(h)au (AE 73)

PIE *h2ei-/h2eu-, root *h2i/h2u ‘oh!’ _?_ (Pok. 10, 71)

Gr. αἴ ‘oh!’

Lat. au ‘oh!’

Notes: {1} Final -h may be due to emphasis.

ah [m] (tg); hah [m] (g) {1} ‘beech-tree’

PAlb. *(h)ah- (AE 73)

PIE *Hosk- {2} ‘ash-tree’ _+_ (Pok. 783)

Arm. hac‘i ‘ash’

OHG asc ‘ash’

Notes: {1} Only in Bash. {2} Possibly, *h3esk-.

ai [pron. dem.] (tg) {2} ‘he (there), Lat. ille’

PAlb. * ̊i- {1} < QIE *h1is

Alb. ky [pron] (tg) ‘he (here), Lat. iste’ {3} (AE 73)

PIE *h1i, root *h1i ‘he’ _+_ (Pok. 281)

Lat. is ‘he’

Go. is ‘he’

Notes: {1} Reshaped after the fem. or n. stem *h1ih2, h1id. {2} Demonstrative and personal

pronoun. {3} The vowel change of */i/ to /y/ has originated in composition due to assimilation

to the preceding sound.

(a)ta [pron Nomsn] {1} (tg) ‘it (there), that, Lat. illud’

PAlb. * ̊ta(d)

Alb. këta [pron Nomsn] (tg) ‘it (here), Lat. istud, this’ {2}, cf. k(ë) ̊ (AE 73)

PIE *tod, root *t- ‘it’ _+_ (Pok. 281)

Skt. tád ‘it’

Notes: {1} Demonstrative and relative pronoun. {2} Other old case forms are: acc.sg. m.f.

atë, të < *tom, nom.pl. m. ta, ata < *to-, nom.acc.pl. n.f. < *teh2, teh2ns.

akull [m] (tg) ‘ice, frost’

PAlb. *auK-(ul-) (AE 74)

PIE *Houk- ‘cold, frost’ _?_ (Pok. 783)

Arm. oyc ‘cold’

ãmë [f] (g); amull [m] (g) ‘river-bed, fountain’

PAlb. *habna̅ {1} < QIE *h2eb-n-

Alb. hãmull [m] (g) ‘(fish-)pond, still water’; amull [m] (t) ‘(fish-)pond, still water’ (AE 75)

PIE *h2ep-, root *h2p ‘water, river’ _+_ (Pok. 51)

Lat. amnis ‘river’

ãmë [f] (g) ‘odour, (un)pleasant smell, fragrance’

PAlb. *adma̅

Alb. ãmëz, ãmzë [f] (g) ‘odour, (un)pleasant smell, fragrance’ {1} (AE 76)

PIE *Hod-meh2 ‘odour, smell’ _+_ (Pok. 772)

Gr. ὀδμή ‘smell, scent’

Notes: {1} ãmëz, ãmzë are diminutive formations with the suffix -(ë)z(ë).

an [m] (t); ãnë [f] (t); enë [f] (g) ‘vessel, cooker’

PAlb. *(h)aukn-

Alb. anë / ãnë [f] ‘vessel, cooker’; enë [nomplf] (tg) ‘kitchen-utensils’ {1} (AE 76)

PIE *h2euk(w)-sno- ‘pot’ _?_ (Pok. 88)

Go. auhns ‘oven’; Skt. ukhá- ‘pot’

Notes: {1} en- is the Alb. plural stem with umlaut of the root vowel < PAlb ani̅̅̆.

anë / ãnë [f] ‘edge, border, side; party’

PAlb. *(h)ant- {1} (AE 77)

PIE *h2(e)nt-, root *h2nt ‘front, face’ _+_ (Pok. 48)

Go. und ‘up to’; Skt. antá- ‘edge, border, end’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, the reconstruction *h2n̥t-neh2 > PAlb. antna̅ is also possible.

ãng [m] (g) ‘nightmare, incubus; anguish; constriction’

PAlb. *ang-

Alb. ãnkth [m] (g) ‘nightmare, incubus; anguish; constriction’ {1}; makth [m] (tg) ‘nightmare,

incubus; anguish; constriction’ {2} (AE 79)

PIE *h2(o)nǵh-o-, root *h2nǵh ‘narrow’ _+_ (Pok. 42)

Lat. ango̅ ‘to cramp (up), constrict’

Notes: {1} An Alb. formation with the diminutive suffix -th. {2} An Alb. formation with the

intensifying prefix m(ë)-.

aq [particle] (tg) {1} ‘so much’

PAlb. * ̊kai {2}, cf. a ̊ [3] (AE 80)

PIE *kwoi, root *kw ‘someone; who’ _+_ (Pok. 644)

OLat. quoi ‘which’ {3}

Notes: {1} Comparative particle. From a-q (< Alb. a(u) ki), resulting from the merger of a

former syntactic unit. {2} Possibly a plural form of the pronominal stem kwo- which forms

indefinite, interrogative and relative pronouns. A reconstruction *kweh2i is also possible. {3}

Or Lat. quae.

që [pron] (tg) ‘that’

PAlb. *kai {1} (AE 80)

PIE *kwo-, root *kw ‘that’ _+_ (Pok. 644)

Lat. quoi ‘they’

Notes: {1} A frozen case form, possibly *kwoi. {2} In view of its function in Alb., it seems at

least equally likely that që is a loanword from Latin que [MdV].

arë [f] (tg) ‘arable land, soil’

PAlb. *arua̅ (AE 80)

PIE *h2rh3uer-, root *h2rh3 ‘arable land, soil’ _+_ (Pok. 63)

Gr. ἄρουρα arable land

Lat. arvum ‘corn-field’

arg [m] (t) ‘young louse, newly hatched nit’

PAlb. *arg-

Alb. argull [m] (t) ‘young louse, newly hatched nit’ {1}; ergjiz [m] (tg) ‘young louse, newly

hatched nit’ {2} (AE 81)

PIE *Horgwh-, root *Hrgwh ‘louse, mite, tick’ _−_ (Pok. 335)

Arm. o(r)ǰil ‘nit’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the suffix -ull. {2} Diminutive form with the suffix -(ë)z. The

umlaut of the root vowel and the palatalized consonant have originated in the plural.

ara [mnp] (g) {1} ‘(he-)bear’

PAlb. *ar(K)ϑ- {2}

Alb. ari [m] (tg) ‘(he-)bear’ {3} (AE 81)

PIE *h2rtḱo-, root *h2rtḱ- ‘bear’ _+_ (Pok. 875)

Arm. arǰ ‘bear’

Skt. ŕ̥̥kṣa- ‘bear’

Notes: {1} Bog. {2} The stem final -θ- has been dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in

order to avoid semantic confusion with the hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th. {3}

Alb. enlargement with the suffix -i.

arrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘nut’

PAlb. *arua̅ (AE 82) ‘nut’ _−_ (Pok. 61)

Gr. (Hes.) ἄρυα . τὰ Ἡρακλεωτικά κάρυα

OCS orěxъ ‘nut’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -rr-.

asht [m] (g) ‘bone’

PAlb. *aśt-

Alb. ashtë [n] (tg) ‘bone’ (AE 82)

PIE *h2ost(h2-), root *h2st(h2-) ‘bone’ _+_ (Pok. 783)

Skt. ásthi- ‘bone’

at [m] (tg) {2} ‘father’

PAlb. *at(t)-

Alb. atë [m] (tg) ‘father’ (AE 83)

PIE *(H)at(t)a(H)- ‘father’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 71)

Gr. ἄττα ‘father’

Lat. atta ‘father’

Notes: {1} A nursery word. {2} Weak cases et(-), pl. etër/n (tg) with umlaut of the root

vowel, caused by an -i in the following syllable.

ath [verb] (tg) ‘to file down (the teeth)’

PAlb. *aϑ- {1}

Alb. athje [f] (t) ‘Ononis spinosa, thorny undergrowth’ {2}; (i) athët [adj] (tg) ‘harsh, sour’

{3}, cf. eh (AE 83)

PIE *h2oḱ-(u-), root *h2ḱ- ‘sharp, pointed, edged’ _+_ (Pok. 18)

Lat. acus ‘needle’

Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative formations. {2} Alb. formation (verbal

noun) with the suffix -je. {3} Denominative formation with the suffix -(ë)t(ë).

eh [verb] (g) ‘to sharpen, point’

PAlb. *aha- {1}, cf. ath (AE 84)

PIE *h2(o)ḱ-uo- ‘sharp, pointed’ _+_ (Pok. 19)

Lat. acuo̅ ‘to sharpen, to point’

Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative formations. ah- probably stands in an

originally paradigmatic relationship with Alb. ath(-) < *h2(o)ḱ-(u-).

avdosë [f] (tg) {1} ‘chaffinch’

PAlb. *(h)aui ̊

Alb. afçë [f] (tg) ‘greenfinch’ {2}, cf. vito (AE 84)

PIE *h2eui-, root *h2u ‘bird’ _+_ (Pok. 86)

Lat. avis ‘bird’

Arm. haw ‘bird’

Notes: {1} Compositional formation with -dosë ‘sow; mother animal’. {2} Diminutive

formation with -çë.

avull [m] (tg) ‘vapour, damp’

PAlb. *(h)au-ul- {1}, cf. aft (AE 85)

PIE *h2euh1-Vl-, root *h2uh1- ‘vapour, steam’ _+_ (Pok. 82)

Rom. abure ‘steam, damp’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the suffix -ull.

balgë, bajgë [f] (tg) ‘cow-, horse-dung’

PAlb. *balga̅ {1} (AE 86)

PIE *bolg(w)-o- {2} ‘bulb’ _−_ (Pok. 103)

Gr. βολβός ‘onion, bulb’; βόλβιτον ‘cow-dung’

Arm. boɫk ‘radish’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the feminines in -eh2- through a change of the suffix

vowel. {2} [AL] Clearly, a non-IE word, considering the root structure, meaning, distribution

and irregular anlaut in Armenian.

balë, bajë [f] (tg) ‘blaze, white spot; badger’

PAlb. *balia̅

Alb. bal [m] (tg) ‘piebald dog, horse’ (AE 87)

PIE *bhlH-io/e-, root *bhlH- ‘bright, brilliant, white’ _+_ (Pok. 118)

Gr. φαλιός ‘bright, white-speckled’

ballë [n] (tg) {1} ‘forehead’

PAlb. *bala- (AE 88)

PIE *bhh2-lo- ‘forehead’ _?_ (Pok. 118)

OPr. ballo ‘forehead’

Notes: {1} Nowadays most of the Albanian dialects employ this as a masculine.

barë [n] (t) ‘herb, plant; grass’

PAlb. *baura-

Alb. bar [m] (tg) ‘herb, plant; grass’ (AE 89)

PIE *bhoHu-ro-m, root *bhHu ‘become, grow’ _+_ (Pok. 146 {1})

Gr. φυτόν ‘growth, plant’

Arm. boys ‘shoot, herb, plant’

Notes: {1} The Alb. word is not mentioned by Pok.

(i) bardhë [adj] (tg) ‘white’

PAlb. *barδa- < QIE *bhorHǵ-o-

Alb. barmë [f] (g) ‘bast’ {1} (AE 90)

PIE *bherHǵ-o-, root *bhrHǵ ‘bright, brilliant’ _+_ (Pok. 139)

Go. bairhts ‘bright’

Notes: {1} < Alb. *barδ-mə.

barrë [f] (tg) {1} ‘burden, load; weight; pregnant’

PAlb. *bara̅

Alb. bark [m] (tg) ‘belly, paunch, womb’ {2} (AE 92)

PIE *bhor-eh2 ‘burden, load’ _+_ (Pok. 128)

Gr. φορά ‘burden, load’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -rr-. {2} [AL/MdV] Can reflect Alb. *barVk-. Connection

with OIr. brú ‘belly, paunch, womb’ is phonetically impossible.

bashkë [f] (tg) ‘fleece’

PAlb. *baśka̅

Alb. bashkë [adv] (tg) ‘together, jointly’ (AE 93) _?_

Gr. φάσκωλος ‘leathern bag, sack’

Lat. fascis ‘band, bundle’

MIr. basc ‘collar, neck-chain’

bathë [f] (tg) ‘broad bean’

PAlb. *baϑa̅ (AE 94)

PIE *bhaḱ-o- ‘bean, lentil’ _−_ {1} (Pok. 106)

Gr. φακός ‘lentil’

Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] A non-IE term, possibly "related" to Lat. faba, etc.

be [interjection] (tg) ‘bah {2} ??’

PAlb. *be-

Alb. bec [m] (g) ‘lamb’; beç [m] (t) ‘lamb’ {3} (AE 94)

PIE *b(h)e- ‘bah’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 96)

Gr. βῃ̃ ‘bah!’

Notes: {1} Imitation of a sheep’s sound. {2} Imitation of the sound of small cattle. {3} bec

and beç are diminutive-hypochoristic formations with the suffix -c/ç.

be [f] (tg) ‘oath, vow’

PAlb. *bei(d-)?

Alb. përbej [verb] (tg) ‘to swear, take the oath’; betoj [verb] (tg) ‘to put on the oath’, cf. besë

(AE 94)

PIE *bheidhi-, root *bhidh- ‘persuasion’ _+_ (Pok. 117)

Gr. πειθώ ‘persuasion’

ber [m] (tg) ‘arrow, bolt; spear, lance’

PAlb. *bo̅r-

Alb. bero(n)jë [f] (tg) ‘adder, viper’ {1}; ylber [f] (tg) ‘rainbow’ {2} (AE 95)

PIE *bho̅rs-, root *bhrs ‘point, tip bolt’ _+_ (Pok. 108)

OIr. barr ‘point’

Notes: {1} An Alb. formation with the suffix -o(n)jë. {2} Compound with yll- ‘star’.

rrun(j)ë [f] (t) {2} ‘teg, shearling’

PAlb. *re̅n-ia̅ {1}, cf. berr (AE 96)

PIE *ureh1n-, root *urh1n ‘sheep, lamb’ _+_ (Pok. 1170)

Gr. ἀρήν ‘sheep, lamb’

Notes: {1} Originally diminutive formation in -io/e-. {2} < * r̄ oñə.

berr [m] (tg) {1} ‘small cattle, ram, tup’

PAlb. * ̊r(a)n-, cf. rrun(j)ë (AE 95)

PIE *urh1-n- ‘sheep, lamb’ _+_ (Pok. 1170)

Gr. ἄρνες ‘sheep, lamb’; (Hes.) βάριχοι ἄρνες

Notes: {1} A compound with be ‘imitation of a sheep’s sound’.

besë [f] (tg) ‘faithfulness, faith’

PAlb. *biTśia̅ {2}

Alb. besoj [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to believe’, cf. be (AE 96)

PIE *bh(e)idhi- {1}, root *bhidh ‘persuasion, oath’ _+_ (Pok. 117)

Gr. πειθώ ‘persuasion’

Notes: {1} Based on the genitive. {2} Phonetically, a full grade form PAlb. *beiTśia̅ is also

possible. {3} Denominative formation in -o- of Alb. origin.

bërsi {2} [fnp] (tg) ‘rest from wine-, olive-, plum-press’

PAlb. *britśia̅ {1} (AE 98) _−_ (Pok. 144)

Lat. bri̅sa ‘husks of wine’

Notes: {1} Apparently, an old Wanderwort. {2} < Alb. *brisí, as an enlarged formation in -i.

bibë [f] (tg) ‘chicken, pullet’

PAlb. *biba̅ (AE 99)

PIE *PiP(P)- {1} ‘to chirp, to peep’ _?_ (Pok. 830)

SCr. bì ̀ba ‘turkey-hen’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} [MdV] Therefore, Indo-European origin is unwarranted.

bir [m] (tg) ‘son’

PAlb. *bir- < QIE *bhi(H)-ro-

Alb. bijë [f] (tg) ‘daughter’ {1}, cf. bij (AE 101)

PIE *bhiH- ‘to beat, to shoot’ _?_ (Pok. 117)

Gr. φι̃ͅτυ ‘shoot, scion’

Notes: {1} Feminine formed on the basis of the plural stem Alb. *biri-a̅.

bisht [m] (tg) ‘tail, brush; stalk, stem’

PAlb. *bi-śt- < QIE *bhi(H)-st-o-, cf. bij (AE 103)

PIE *bhiH- ‘to beat, to shoot’ _?_ (Pok. 117)

i blerë [adj] (tg) ‘green’

PAlb. *blo̅r-

Alb. i blertë [adj] (tg) ‘green’ {1}; bleron [verb] (tg) ‘to bloom, (become) green’ (AE 104)

PIE *bhloh1-ro-, root *bhlh1 ‘blue, green, yellow’ _−_ (Pok. 160)

Lat. flo̅rus ‘golden yellow, reddish-yellow’

Notes: {1} Contains a productive Albanian suffix -të.

bletë [fs/p] (tg) ‘swarm of bees, bee; hive’

PAlb. *m(e)líta̅ {1} < QIE *melit-(t)eh2-, cf. mjaltë (AE 105)

PIE *melit-, root *ml ‘honey’ _+_ (Pok. 723)

Gr. μέλισσα ‘bee’

Notes: {1} Collective formation.

botë [f] {2} (tg) ‘earth, soil; world’

PAlb. *bua̅ta̅ < QIE *bhueh2-t- {1} (AE 107)

PIE *bheuh2- _?_ (Pok. 146)

Skt. bhū̥́ - ‘earth, world’; Skt. bhū̥́ mi- ‘earth, ground, soil’

Notes: {1} Collective formation. {2} Singulare tantum.

bredh {1} [m] (tg) ‘fir, spruce(-fir), beech’

PAlb. *braδ- (AE 107)

PIE *bhrHǵ-o ‘birch, ash’ _+_ (Pok. 139)

Skt. bhūrjá- ‘kind of birch’

Notes: {1} -e- due to umlaut from the plural stem *braδi̅̅̆.

breshër / breshën [m sg/pl] ‘hail’

PAlb. *bro̅uśVn- {1} < QIE *bhro̅us-e/on- (AE 109)

PIE *, root *bhrus- _?_ (Pok. 171)

OHG bro̅s(a)ma ‘crumb, bend’

Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The form can also reflect PALb. *breuśVn- < qIE *bhreus-e/on-.

bri / brĩ [m] {1} ‘horn(s), antlers’

PAlb. *bri̅ {2}

Alb. brith [m] (t) {3} ‘pimple, whelk’ (AE 110)

PIE *bhrih1 {4} {5} ‘point, tip, bolt’ _?_ (Pok. 108)

Notes: {1} Seldom in Gheg. {2} Entered the declension of the Alb. nouns with -n-stem quite

recently, during the historical period of Albanian. {3} Often occurs in metathesized form

birth. {4} Original dual. {5} [MdV] Since the IE root *bhr- (Pok. 108) is hardly ever attested,

it may be better to derive bri from PIE *h3bhruH- ‘(eye-)brow’, although the semantic

development is unique for this root.

brumë [n/m] (tg) ‘dough, paste, soft material’

PAlb. *brum- < QIE *bhrh1u-mo-

Alb. burmë [f] (g) ‘ripe fig’ (AE 111)

PIE *bhreh1u- ‘to boil up, ferment’ _+_ (Pok. 143)

Lat. de̅frutum ‘new wine’

bung {1} [m] (tg) ‘kind of oak’

PAlb. *ba̅ng-(a̅̅̆) {2}

Alb. bungë [f] (tg) ‘kind of oak’ (AE 112)

PIE *bheh2ǵ-o- ‘beech, oak(-tree)’ _+_ (Pok. 107)

Gr. φηγός ‘kind of oak’

Lat. fa̅gus ‘beech, oak’

Notes: {1} From Alb. *bong(-). {2} Metathesized from b(h)a̅g-na̅.

burrë {1} [m] (tg) ‘man; husband’

PAlb. *bur- (AE 113)

PIE *bhh2u-ro- _?_ (Pok. 146)

MoHG Bauer ‘countryman; husbandman’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄ -.

(i) butë [adj] (tg) ‘soft, mellow, supple; tame(d)’

PAlb. *bugt-

Alb. zbut [verb] (tg) ‘to soak; tame’ {1} (AE 114)

PIE *bhug(h)-to- ‘ductile, molleable’ _+_ (Pok. 152)

Arm. bowt‘ ‘blunt, obtuse’

OIr. bocc ‘tener’

Notes: {1} A denominative verb with the prefix z-.

buzë [f sg/pl] {1} (tg) ‘lip’

PAlb. *bu-(dźia̅) (AE 114)

PIE * _−_ (Pok. 103)

Lat. bucca ‘mouth’

MIr. bus ‘lip’

Notes: {1} Collective form in -zë < *-dhieh2. Occurs usually in the plural.

(i) çalë {1} [adj] (tg) ‘lame, limping’

PAlb. * ̊śali- < QIE *skolio- (AE 117)

PIE *(s)kel- ‘to bend, swag, curve’ _+_ (Pok. 928)

Gr. σκολιός ‘crooked, bent’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix d(ë)-.

dardhë [f] (tg) ‘pear(-tree)’

PAlb. *darda̅ {1} (AE 121) _−_ (Pok. 446)

Gr. ἄχερδος ‘pear(-tree)’

Notes: {1} An old loan-word.

darë / dãnë [f] {1} ‘tongs’

PAlb. *dakna̅ < QIE *dn̥ḱ-neh2- (AE 122)

PIE *denḱ- ‘to bite’ _+_ (Pok. 201)

Gr. δάκνω ‘to bite’

OHG zanga ‘tongs’

Notes: {1} With secondarily rhotacized nasal.

darkë [f] (tg) ‘supper, dinner; evening, night’

PAlb. *darka̅ {1} < QIE *dorkw-o-, cf. dars, drekë (AE 122) _−_ {2} (Pok. 210)

Gr. δόρπον ‘supper, dinner; evening’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. a̅-stems. {2} [AL/MdV] The distribution

(Greek and Albanian) strongly suggests borrowing.

dash [m] (tg) ‘ram, wether’

PAlb. *dam(e)ś- < QIE *d(o)mh2-(e)s-, cf. dem (AE 124)

PIE *demh2-, root *dmh2 ‘to tame’ _?_ (Pok. 199)

OIr. dam ‘ox’; W. dafad ‘sheep’; Bret. dañvad ‘sheep’

degë [f] (tg) ‘forking, crotch (of tree); bough, branch’

PAlb. *duaiga̅ < QIE *duoi-gheh2- (AE 125)

PIE *duoi-, root *du ‘binary, consisting of two’ _+_ (Pok. 229)

OHG zwi̅g ‘forking, crotch (of tree); bough, branch’

dej [adv] (tg) ‘after tomorrow’

PAlb. *duai-au < QIE *duoi-Hous {1} (AE 126)

PIE *duo-, root *du ‘two’ _?_ (Pok. 228)

OHG zweio ‘by, in two, in pairs’

Notes: {1} Frozen locative dual form.

dẽjë {2} [f] (g) ‘thawing snow’

PAlb. *den(i)- {1}

Alb. (i) dejmë [adj.] (t) ‘flat and arid, barren (land, country, region)’; (i) dẽjun [adj.] (g) ‘flat

and arid, barren (land, country, region)’; dejet / dẽjet [verb] ‘to thaw (intr.)’ (AE 127) _?_

Skt. dhánvan- ‘desert, arid land, steppe’

Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative forms. {2} From Alb. denia̅.

dele [f sg/pl] (tg) ‘sheep, ewe’

PAlb. *deilla̅ < QIE *dheh1i-lieh2-

Alb. delme [f sg/pl] (tg) ‘sheep’ {1}, cf. djalë, dosë (AE 127)

PIE *dheh1i-, root *dhh1(i) ‘to suck’ _+_ (Pok. 241)

Gr. θηλή ‘mother’s breast’

Lat. fi̅lia ‘daughter’ {2}

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the suffix -m-. {2} [AL/MdV] Can be the same formation

as dele.

dell [m] (tg) ‘sinew, tendon; string’

PAlb. *do̅l- < QIE *doh1-lo- (AE 128)

PIE *deh1-, root *dh1 ‘to bind’ _?_ (Pok. 183)

dem [m] (tg) {1} ‘bull-calf; bullock’

PAlb. *dam- < QIE *d(o)mh2-(i)o-, cf. dash (AE 128)

PIE *demh2-, root *dmh2- ‘to tame’ _+_ (Pok. 199)

OIr. dam ‘ox, bullock’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel from the plural stem *dami̅̅̆.

derë [f] (tg) ‘door’

PAlb. *duo̅ra̅ {1} (AE 138)

PIE *dhuo̅r, root *dhur ‘door’ _+_ (Pok. 278)

Skt. dvḁ̅́r- ‘door’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. a̅-stems. The plural form dy(e)r (tg) points

to an analogically rebuilt dual form: Alb. *dyr < *dhur-ih1.

derr {1} [m] (tg) ‘pig’

PAlb. *dair- < QIE *ǵhoiro-

Alb. derk [m] (tg) ‘(young) pig, piglet’ (AE 131)

PIE * _−_ (Pok. 445 {2})

Gr. χοι̃ͅρος ‘(young) pig, piglet’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄ . {2} [AL/MdV] Pok. relates the Albanian and Greek

words to the PIE root *ǵher(s)-, but the only certain forms of the verbal root are those with -s-.

Since it is hard to separate the Albanian and Greek words, we assume borrowing from a

"Balkan" substratum.

dimër / dimën [m] ‘winter’

PAlb. *dimVn- < QIE *ǵhei-mon- (AE 133)

PIE *ǵhei-m-, root *ǵhi ‘winter’ _+_ (Pok. 425)

Gr. χειμών ‘winter’

djalë [m] (tg) {1} ‘son; boy, young (animal)’

PAlb. *di(i)ali- < QIE *dhih1ol-io-, cf. dele, dosë (AE 134)

PIE *dh(e)ih1-(o)l-, root *dhh1(i) ‘suckling’ _?_ (Pok. 241)

Lat. fi̅lius ‘son’

Notes: {1} The plural form dje(l)m (< Alb. *diali̅) shows, apart from the umlaut of the root

vowel, also an m-enlargement, which often appears in the inherited vocabulary of Alb. {2}

[MdV] Alternatively, djalë may derive from *dela or *delom and the plural dje(l)m from

*delm-. The stem *del- might be cognate with the verb dal ‘to go out’.

djath(ë) [n/m] (tg) ‘cheese’

PAlb. *deϑ (AE 135)

PIE *dhe-dhh1, root *dhh1(i) ‘milk(-product)’ _+_ (Pok. 241)

Skt. dádhi- ‘curdled milk’; OPr. dadan ‘milk’

rrath [m] (g) {1} ‘wheel, circle’

PAlb. *raϑ (AE 136)

PIE *Hrot-o-, root *Hrt ‘wheel’ _+_ (Pok. 866)

Skt. rátha- ‘chariot’

Notes: {1} Plural form rrathë (tg); the singular form often appears with umlaut of the root

vowel (rreth). The origin of -th is unclear.

ndjath [adv] (g) {1} ‘at/to the right’

PAlb. *deϑ

Alb. (i) djathë [adj] (tg) ‘right’; (i) djathtë [adj] (tg) ‘right’ {2} (AE 137)

PIE *deḱs(i), root *dḱ ‘at/to the right’ _+_ (Pok. 190)

Gr. δεξιτερός ‘right’

Lat. dexter ‘right’

OHG zeso ‘to the right’

Notes: {1} Alb. form with the prefix (a)n-. {2} Alb. enlargement with the suffix -të.

dje, die [adv] (tg) ‘yesterday’

PAlb. *(d)die (AE 138)

PIE *ǵhdies ‘yesterday’ _+_ (Pok. 416)

OIr. indé ‘yesterday’

djersë [f] (tg) ‘perspiration, sweat’

PAlb. *(ui)dertśia̅ < QIE *suid(e)r-ti- {1}

Alb. djers [verb] (tg) ‘to sweat’ {2} (AE 139)

PIE *su(e)id-r-, root *suid ‘perspiration, sweat’ _+_ (Pok. 1043)

Gr. ἱδρώς ‘sweat, perspiration’

Notes: {1} As the basis for further denominative forms. {2} Beside 1sg. pres. dirs(em).

dorë [f] (tg) {1} ‘hand’

PAlb. *de̅ra̅ {2} (AE 140)

PIE *ǵhesr- ‘hand’ _+_ (Pok. 447)

Gr. χείρ ‘hand’

Notes: {1} The plural form duar / du(e)r goes back to an original dual form *ǵhesr-(h1)e. {2}

Has entered the declension of the fem. a̅-stems.

dosë [f] (tg) ‘sow; mother animal’

PAlb. *de̅tśia̅, cf. djalë, dele (AE 140)

PIE *dheh1-tieh2, root *dhh1(i) ‘parent, mother animal’ _+_ (Pok. 241)

dra [m] (tg) ‘sediment, dregs; smudged butter; sweepings, dirt’

PAlb. *drag(-)

Alb. ndrag [verb] (tg) ‘to make/get filthy, dirty’ {1} (AE 141)

PIE *dhrogh- {2} ‘sediment, dregs’ (Pok. 251)

Lat. frace̅s ‘oil dregs’

ON dregg ‘dregs’

Notes: {1} Alb. form with the prefix (a)n-. {2} [AL/MdV] The IE date of this family is

uncertain.

dre / drẽ [m] {1} ‘stag, deer’

PAlb. * ̊ran-

Alb. drãng [m] (g) ‘young animal’ (AE 142)

PIE *urh1n- ‘lamb’ _?_ (Pok. 1170)

Gr. (Hes.) ἀράνης . ἔλαφος

Notes: {1} Prefixed form with the Alb. prefix d(V)-; drẽ from the plural stem drani̅̅̆. {2}

[MdV] Whether d(V)- really was an existing prefix is doubted by Demiraj, AE 143.

dredhë {1} [f] (tg) ‘strawberry’

PAlb. *draδ- (AE 144) _−_ {2}

Lat. fra̅gum ‘strawberry’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel after the plural stem Alb. draδi̅̅̆. {2} An old

Wanderwort.

drekë [f] (tg) ‘lunch, meal; midday, noon’

PAlb. *drika̅ < QIE *dr̥kw-eh2, cf. dars, darkë (AE 144) _−_ {1} (Pok. 210)

Gr. δόρπον ‘supper, dinner; evening’

Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The distribution (Greek and Albanian) strongly suggests borrowing.

dritë [f] (tg) {1} ‘light, brightness; beam, ray’

PAlb. *drikt- < QIE *dr̥ḱ-t(o)-

Alb. ndrit [verb 3sp] (tg) ‘lights, shines, glists’ (AE 145)

PIE *derḱ-, root *drḱ- ‘to look; appear’ _+_ (Pok. 213)

Skt. dr̥ṣṭá- ‘appeared’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. -a̅-stems. Usually, a singulare tantum.

drithë [f pl] (tg) ‘cereals; wheat’

PAlb. *driϑ- < QIE *ǵhr(i)sd(h)- (AE 145) ‘(kind of) cereals; barley’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 446)

Gr. κριθή ‘barley’

OHG gersta ‘barley’

Notes: {1} Probably an old Wanderwort.

drizë [f] (tg) {1} ‘thorn(-bush), Christ’s thorn’

PAlb. *dri-(dźia̅) (AE 146) _?_

Gr. δρίος ‘thicket, brake; bush’

Notes: {1} Collective with the suffix -zë.

dru / drũ [m] ‘wood; tree; stem, trunk’

PAlb. *dru(n)- {1}

Alb. drỹ [m] (g) ‘lock, door-bolt (of wood)’ {2} (AE 146)

PIE *d(o)ru, root *dr ‘wood’ _+_ (Pok. 214)

Gr. δρυ̃ͅς ‘tree, oak’

Skt. dḁ̅́ru- ‘wood’

Notes: {1} An analogical -n-stem. {2} PAlb. dru-(i)io-.

dua [m] (t) {1} ‘sheaf’

PAlb. *de̅ma

Alb. duaj / du(e)j [m pl] ‘sheaf’ {2} (AE 149)

PIE *deh1-mn, root *dh1 ‘band’ _+_ (Pok. 183)

Gr. -δημα ‘band’

Skt. dḁ̅́man- ‘band’

Notes: {1} From a preform *doN < PAlb. *de̅m(-). {2} With added -j.

dushk [m] (tg) ‘kind of bush, shrub’

PAlb. *duś-k- (AE 150) _?_ (Pok. 178)

Lat. dūmus ‘scrub’

OIr. doss ‘bush’

dy {1} [num m] (tg); dy {2} [num f/n] (tg) ‘two’

PAlb. *duuai < QIE *duuo-ih1 (AE 151)

PIE *duo-, root *du ‘two’ _+_ (Pok. 228)

Skt. dvé ‘two’ [f/n]

Notes: {1} From a preform Alb. *dui̅̅̆. {2} [dy:], under the influence of tri [tri:] ‘three’ [f/n].

dyllë [m] (tg) ‘wax, resin’

PAlb. *dūl- < QIE *ǵhuslo-

Alb. dëllinjë [f] (tg) ‘juniper’ (AE 152) _−_ {1} (Pok. 448)

Gr. χῡλός ‘juice’

Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The IE date of this word is very uncertain.

dhall(ë) [f/m/n] (tg) {1} ‘butter-milk’

PAlb. *δal- {2} (AE 153) _−_ (Pok. 400)

Gr. γάλα ‘milk’

Rom. zară ‘butter-milk’

Notes: {1} Singulare tantum. {2} PAlb. *δ points to QIE *ǵ-. {3} [MdV] Latin lac, lactis and

Greek γάλα ‘milk’ point to *ǵ̥ l-, but this would not yield Alb. dh-; therefore, the word for

‘milk’ may be a borrowing of an unknown language with the forms *ǵal-, *ǵl-.

dhe {1} [m] (tg) ‘earth, ground’

PAlb. *(d)δo̅m {2} < QIE *ǵhdho̅m (AE 155)

PIE *dhǵhem-, root *dhǵh ‘earth, ground’ _+_ (Pok. 414)

Gr. χθών ‘earth, ground’

Notes: {1} From *δeN. {2} [MdV] The absence of diphthongization in *δēm in front of a

word-final nasal would be surprising; hence the PAlb. form may already have been *δō.

dhelpë [f] (g) ‘fox’

PAlb. *δeli-(pə)

Alb. dhelpër / dhelpën [f] ‘fox’ {1} (AE 156) _?_ (Pok. 367)

Gr. γαλεή ‘weasel, marten’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the suffix (ë)rë / -(ë)në < *-e/ono-. A contamination with the

PIE word for ‘fox’ is conceivable.

dhen [f pl] (t) {1} ‘(herd of) small cattle’

PAlb. *δent-

Alb. dhẽn(d) [f pl] (g) ‘(herd of) small cattle’ (AE 157)

PIE *ǵenh1-ti-, root *ǵnh1 ‘family, clan; race’ _+_ (Pok. 373)

Lat. ge̅ns ‘race, nation, people; crowd’

Notes: {1} Occurs only as a collective name for small cattle.

dhëmb / dhãm(b) [m] ‘tooth’

PAlb. *δamb- (AE 158)

PIE *ǵombh-o-s, root *ǵmbh ‘tooth’ _+_ (Pok. 369)

Gr. γόμφος ‘tooth’

dhëndërr / dhãn(d)ërr [m] {1} ‘son-in-law, bridegroom’

PAlb. *δaNta̅r < QIE *ǵVm(H)-te̅r (AE 159)

PIE *ǵemH-, root *ǵmH- ‘to marry’ _+_ (Pok. 369)

Skt. jḁ̅́ma̅tar- ‘son-in-law’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄ .

edh [m] (tg) ‘kid’

PAlb. *aiδ- < QIE *(H)aiǵ-

Alb. dhi [f] (tg) ‘(she-)goat’ {1}; (i) dhirë / (i) dhinë [adj] ‘goat’s (milk, wool, skin)’ {2} (AE

160) _−_ {3} (Pok. 13)

Gr. αἴξ ‘(she-)goat’

Arm. ayc ‘(she-)goat’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. *aiδ-í(i)a̅. {2} Alb. formation with the suffix -(ë)në/-(ë)rë < *-e/ono-.

{3} Probably, an ancient Wanderwort.

dhjamë [m/n] (tg) ‘fat’

PAlb. *δem(-) (AE 161) _−_ (Pok. 175)

Gr. δημός ‘fat’

Rom. zeamă ‘juice; sauce’

fjalë [f] (tg) ‘word’

PAlb. *feln- < QIE *spel(H)-en-eh2 (AE 134)

PIE *spel(H)- ‘to speak’ (Pok. 985)

Arm. ar̄ a-spel ‘fable, proverb’

OHG spel ‘speech’

dhjetë {1} [num] (tg) ‘ten’

PAlb. *(-)dek(a)t-

Alb. (i) dhjetë [num ord] (tg) ‘tenth’; njëmbëdhjetë [num] (tg) ‘eleven’; tridhjetë [num] (tg)

‘thirty’ (AE 162)

PIE *deḱmt- ‘ten’ (Pok. 191)

Lith. dẽšimt ‘ten’; OCS desętь ‘ten’

Notes: {1} The fricative in anlaut has arisen in composition. The final -ë is due to levelling

with the decad compounds and with their respective ordinals.

dhurë / dhunë [f] {1} ‘injury, blemish, violence’

PAlb. *(e)δuna̅ (AE 163)

PIE *h1(e)dun-eh2 ‘pain, smart?’

Gr. ὀδύνη ‘pain, smart, harm’

Notes: {1} Occurs beside dhunë with retention of the rhotacism of the intervocalic nasal.

elb {2} [m] (tg) ‘barley(corn)’

PAlb. *albi- (AE 164)

PIE *h2(o)lbhi- ‘kind of cereal, barley’ _ _{1} (Pok. 29)

Gr. ἄλφι ‘barley flour; pot-barley’

Notes: {1} Possibly, non-IE. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel caused by -i- in the following

syllable.

emër / emën [m] ‘name’

PAlb. *enmen- (AE 165)

PIE *h1n(h3)men- ‘name’ (Pok. 321)

OCS imę ‘name’; OPr. emnes ‘name’; OIr. ainm ‘name’

Notes: {1} [MdV] The vowel e- is difficult to account for when we start from the PIE

preform. It cannot be excluded that emër was borrowed from Latin (n)ōmen, -inis.

end(ë) / ẽnd(ë) [m/f] {2} ‘blooming; bloom, pollen’

PAlb. *and- {1}

Alb. end / ẽnd [verb] ‘to bloom’ (AE 166)

PIE *h2ndh-o- ‘sprout, germ?’ (Pok. 40)

Gr. ἄνθος ‘sprout, flower’

Notes: {1} As a nominal basis for further Alb. forms. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel from

pl. Alb. andi̅̅̆.

(i) epër [adj] (tg) ‘higher, upper’

PAlb. *apir- < QIE *h1opi-ro-

Alb. (i) sipërm [adj] (tg) ‘above’; tepër [adv] (tg) ‘more, very’ (AE 167)

PIE *h1(o/e)pi- ‘on, upon’ (Pok. 323)

Gr. ὄπιθε(ν) ‘behind’

(h)ethe [fnp] (tg) ‘fever’

PAlb. *haiδ/ϑ

Alb. (h)eth [verb] (tg) ‘to stimulate mating’ (AE 168)

PIE *h2eidh-o- ‘burning, fire’ _?_ (Pok. 11)

Gr. αἶθος ‘burning, fire’

Skt. édha(s)- ‘firewood’

(i) ëmbël / (i) ãm(b)ël [adj] {1} ‘sweet, mild’

PAlb. * ̊m(e)lit- < QIE *m(e)lit-

Alb. tãm(b)ël [m] (g) ‘milk’ (AE 169)

PIE *meli-t(-) ‘honey’ _?_ (Pok. 723)

Ir. milis ‘sweet, mild’; W melys ‘sweet, mild’

Notes: {1} From a prefixed Alb. *ambëlt < *an-blit. {2} [MdV] Demiraj AE 168 suggests an

intensive prefix *(e)n-/(a)n-; alternatively, one might prefer the prefix *en- ‘in’: *en-mlit-

‘which has honey (in it)’ .

ëmë / ãmë [f] ‘mother’

PAlb. *am(m)a̅̅̆ (AE 175)

PIE *(H)am(m)a(H) ‘mother’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 36)

OHG amma ‘mother, nurse’

Notes: {1} Nursery word.

ëndë / ãn(d)ë [f] ‘desire, inclination, pleasure’

PAlb. *anTa̅ < QIE *h2(o)nh1-teh2- (AE 170)

PIE *h2(o)nh1- ‘breath’ (Pok. 38)

Gr. (Hes.) ἀντάς . πνοάς

ON andi ‘spirit, soul’

ëndërr / ãn(d)ërr [f] {1} ‘dream’

PAlb. * ̊dra̅ < QIE *dreH- {2} (AE 171)

PIE *dreH- ‘sleep, to sleep’ (Pok. 226)

Skt. nidrḁ̅́- ‘slumber, snooze, sleepiness’

Notes: {1} Prefixed with Alb. *(a)n- (< *h2en-). {2} The reconstruction is not entirely certain.

Under the assumption of epenthetic -d- (within -nr-), ëndërr may be connected with Arm.

anowrj, Gr. ὀναρ, which have the same meaning: possibly PAlb. anra̅ < *h2ṇr-? [3} [MdV]

Rather *h3nr-.

flugë [f] (g) ‘shingle’

PAlb. *śpl(e)u-g(h)a̅ {1}

Alb. flegë [f] (tg) ‘splinter, chip’; flegër [f] (tg) ‘wing (of the nose), wooden plate’ (AE 172)

PIE *(s)pel-eu-, s-bhel-eu- ‘to split’ _?_ (Pok. 985)

Notes: {1} With Alb. suffix -g(ë).

gardh [m] (tg) ‘hedge, fence’

PAlb. *garδ- (AE 175)

PIE *ghordh-o- ‘hedge, fence’ (Pok. 444)

Lith. gard̃ͅ as ‘fold, pen’; OIc. garðr ‘hedge, fence, court’

ditë {1} [f] (tg) ‘day’

PAlb. *di̅t- < QIE *dih2-t(i)- (AE 176)

PIE *deih2- ‘to lighten, shine’ (Pok. 183)

OCS dьnь ‘day’

Notes: {1} Pl. dit from PAlb. *di̅ti̅̅̆.

gisht [m] (tg) ‘finger’

PAlb. *g(u)Víś(t)- (AE 178)

PIE *guV-ís-(t-) ‘finger?’ _?_ (Pok. 481)

W. bys ‘finger’; OCorn. bis ‘finger’

gogël [f] (tg) ‘acorn; small and round object’

PAlb. *ga̅gul < QIE *gwe(l)h2-gwl̥ h2 {1} (AE 179)

PIE *gwelh2- ‘oak?, acorn’ (Pok. 419)

Lith. gìlė ‘acorn’

Notes: {1} Basic form with broken reduplication.

grua {1} [f] (tg) ‘woman’

PAlb. *gra̅̅̆u- < QIE *ǵreh2u- (AE 180)

PIE *ǵerh2- ‘?’ (Pok. 390)

Gr. γραυ̃ͅς ‘old woman’

Notes: {1} From Alb. *grou-.

gur [m] (tg) ‘stone, rock’

PAlb. *gur(i)-

Alb. ngrij [verb] (tg) ‘to freeze, curdle; to turn cold’ {1} (AE 181)

PIE *gwrH-i- ‘mountain, rock, stone’ (Pok. 477)

Skt. girí- ‘mountain’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. *guri-(ni-).

gjak [m] (tg) ‘blood’

PAlb. *śak- < QIE *sokw-o- (AE 181)

PIE *s(u)okw-o- ‘sap’ (Pok. 1044)

Gr. ὀπός ‘sap’

Lith. sakaĩ ‘sap, juice’

gjalpë [n/m] (tg) ‘butter’

PAlb. *śelp- (AE 182)

PIE *selp- ‘butter’ (Pok. 901)

Gr. (Hes.) ἔλπος . ἔλαιον

Skt. sarpís ‘butter’

gjallë [adj, adv] (tg) ‘alive, living’

PAlb. *śal(u)-

Alb. ngjall [verb] (tg) ‘to heal, revive’ (AE 182)

PIE *soluo- ‘safe and sound, unhurt, whole’ (Pok. 979)

Skt. sárva- ‘unhurt, whole’

gjarpër / gjarpën [m] ‘snake, serpent’

PAlb. *śerpVn- < QIE *serp-e/ono- (AE 183)

PIE *serp- ‘to creep’ (Pok. 912)

Lat. serpe̅ns ‘snake, serpent’

gjashtë {1} [num] (tg) ‘six’

PAlb. *śe(K)ś-ta̅ < QIE *seḱs-(to-)

Alb. (i) gjashtë [num ord] (tg) ‘sixth’ (AE 184)

PIE *s(u)eḱs ‘six’ (Pok. 1044)

OCS šestь ‘six’; OCS šestъ ‘sixth’

Notes: {1} With final syllable -të by analogical levelling with the corresponding ordinal.

(i) gjatë [adj] (tg) ‘long’

PAlb. *glag(V)-ta̅ {1} (AE 185)

PIE *dlh1gho- ‘long’ (Pok. 197)

Skt. di̅rghá- ‘long’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the adjectival suffix -to-.

glep [m] (t); gjep [m] (tg) ‘sting, nettle’

PAlb. *glo̅p- < QIE *gloH-(p-)

Alb. glëmp (t), gjemb (tg) [m] ‘sting, prickle’ (AE 186)

PIE *gwel(H)- ‘to prick’ (Pok. 470)

Lith. geluõ ‘sting’; geluonìs ‘sting’

Notes: {1} With -m- added after thumb ‘prickle’.

gath [m] (g) ‘catkins’

PAlb. *guaϑ-

Alb. gjethe [fnp] (tg) ‘foliage’ {1}; gjeth(e) [f/m] (tg) ‘leaf’ {2} (AE 187)

PIE *guos-do- ‘boughs, foliage’ (Pok. 480)

OHG questa ‘bunch of leaves’; OSr. gvozd ‘forest’

Notes: {1} From the plural stem, where the umlaut of the root vowel has arisen. {2}

Singularized plural form.

gjithë [pronindef] (tg) ‘each; whole, all, full’

PAlb. *śi̅ϑ- < QIE *sih2-ḱo- {1} (AE 188)

PIE *sih2- ‘one?’

Gr. ἴα ‘one’; ἰός ‘one and the same’

Notes: {1} An Alb. formation.

gjỹmës {1} [adj] (g); gjysmë {2} [adj] {3} (tg) ‘half’

PAlb. *śa̅mi-(ti-)

PIE *se̅mi- ‘half’ (Pok. 905)

Lat. se̅m(i)- ‘half’

Notes: {1} From Alb. *ȥ̌umis < *ȥ̌omiti-. {2} With metathesis in inlaut.

gjizë [f {2}] (tg) ‘whey-cheese, curds and whey; curdled milk’

PAlb. *śiN-dźia̅ {1} < QIE *s(e)iN- (AE 189)

PIE *sei-N- ‘to drop, drip, dribble, flow’ (Pok. 889)

OHG seim ‘Honigseim’; W. hufen ‘cream’

Notes: {1} Collective Alb. formation. {2} Singulare tantum.

gjollë [f] (tg) ‘Salzlecke’

PAlb. *śa̅la̅ (AE 190)

PIE *seh2l- ‘salt’ (Pok. 878)

Lat. sa̅l ‘salt’

gju / gjũ [m] ‘knee’

PAlb. *glun- {1} < QIE *ǵnu-n(o)- (AE 190)

PIE *ǵ(o)nu- ‘knee’ (Pok. 380)

OIr. glún ‘knee’; Go. kniu ‘knee’

Notes: {1} With dissimilation of the first -n-.

gjumë [m] (tg) ‘sleep’

PAlb. *śubn- (AE 192)

PIE *sup-no- ‘sleep’ (Pok. 1048)

Gr. ὕπνος ‘sleep’

gjysh [m] (tg) ‘grandfather’

PAlb. *śūśi- (AE 192)

PIE *suH-s-(i)o- ‘begetter’ _?_ (Pok. 913)

Skt. sūṣḁ̅́ ‘who gives birth’; Skt. sūṣán- ‘god of bearing’

halë [f] (tg) ‘awn, beard; nettle-leaf; fish-bone’

PAlb. *halia̅ < QIE *s-Kol(H)-ieh2 {1} (AE 193)

PIE *s-Kol(H)- ‘to cut, snip; prick’ (Pok. 923)

W. col(a) ‘point, awn, beard’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, s-Kol(H)g(h)- is also possible.

hardhëlë [f] (t) ‘lizard, lacerta agilis’

PAlb. *harδ-(Vl-)

Alb. hardhëjë [f] (t) ‘lizard, gecko’; hardhje [f] (g) ‘lizard, gecko’ {1} (AE 194)

PIE *sKord-(Vlo-) _−_ (Pok. 934)

Gr. (σ)κορδύλος ‘newt, Triton palustris’

Notes: {1} The original word formation is not entirely clear.

(h)ardhi {2} [f] (tg) ‘vine-branch, grape-vine, shot of a vine’

PAlb. *harδ- {1} (AE 195)

PIE *HorT- ‘vine-branch, grape-vine, shot of a vine’ (Pok. 782)

Arm. ort‘ ‘grape-vine’

Notes: {1} Considering the anlaut, a reconstruction h3erT- is very attractive. {2} Alb.

enlargement with the collective suffix -í.

helm {1} [m] (tg) ‘poison’

PAlb. *hal(i)m- < QIE *sKol(i)mo- (AE 198)

PIE *sKel- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 923)

OHG scalmo ‘plague, pestilence’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel.

hell [m] (tg) ‘spit; icicle {1}’

PAlb. *ho̅l- < QIE *sKo̅l- (AE 199)

PIE *sKel- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 923)

Gr. σκῳ̃λος ‘arrow, sharp pole’

Notes: {1} Pl. hej(e) from Alb. heli̅̅̆.

herdhe {3} [fnp] (tg) {4} ‘testicles’

PAlb. *harδi̅ {2} (AE 199)

PIE *Herǵh- {1} ‘testicle’ (Pok. 782)

Gr. ὀρχεις ‘testicles’

Av. ərəzi ‘testicle’

Notes: {1} *H2-3erǵh-. {2} Original dual *H2-3erǵh-ih1. {3} With umlaut of the root vowel. {4}

Plurale tantum.

hënë / hãnë [f] ‘moon’

PAlb. *hand-na̅ < QIE *sK(ə)nd-(neh2) (AE 199)

PIE *(s)Kend- ‘to lighten, glitter, glisten’ _?_ (Pok. 526)

Skt. (ś)candrá- ‘brilliant’; MBret. cann ‘full moon’

hidh [m] (g) ‘nettle’

PAlb. *hiδ- {1} < QIE *h2idh-

Alb. (i) (h)idhët [adj] (tg) ‘bitter’ {2} (AE 200)

PIE *h2eidh- ‘to burn?’ (Pok. 12)

Gr. αἴθω ‘to burn’

Lith. aitrùs ‘bitter’

Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative forms. {2} Alb. form with the adjectival

suffix -(ë)t(ë).

hie [f] (tg) ‘shade, shadow’

PAlb. *hi(i)a̅ {1} (AE 201)

PIE *sḱeh1-ieh2- ‘shade, shadow’ (Pok. 917)

Gr. σκιά shade, shadow

ToB skio ‘shade, shadow’

Notes: {1} From the PIE gen.sg. sḱh1-ieh2-s.

hir [m] (tg) ‘grace, blessing, goodwill {2}’

PAlb. *hi̅r- {1} (AE 201) ‘?’ _?_ (Pok. 917)

Gr. ἱερός ‘holy’ {3}

Osc. aisusis ‘sacrifiis’

Notes: {1} From His-ro- (?), if not a Gr. loanword. {2} Occurs only in the Christian church

language. {3} Aeol. ἷρος.

hirrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘whey; serum’

PAlb. *hi̅ra̅ < QIE *sḱiH-ro- (AE 202) ‘to dim, shimmer?’ (Pok. 917)

OIc. skírr ‘clean, clear’

Notes: {1} With ‘hardening’ of the inlaut.

(i) hollë {1} [adj] (tg) ‘thin, slender’

PAlb. *ha̅̅̆ul-

Alb. huall [m] (tg) ‘honeycomb’ {2}; holli [f] (tg) ‘oblong, hollow’ {3} (AE 203)

PIE *h2eu-lo- ‘hollow’ (Pok. 88)

Gr. αὐλός ‘oblong, hollow’

ON (huann-)jóli ‘hollow stalk, stem’

Notes: {1} From an Alb. nominal base hoɫ-. {2} Pl. hoj(e) from Alb. hoɫi. {3} With -í-

enlargement.

(i) (h)uoj [adj] (g) {3}; (i) huaj / (i) (h)u(e)j [adj] {2} ‘foreign, strange’

PAlb. *hau- < QIE *h2eu-os {1} (AE 203)

PIE *h2eu- ‘there, that, alter, alius’ (Pok. 73)

Av. auua- ‘that, ille’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, h2euso- is also possible. Maybe, an orig. genetive. {2} With addition

of -j-. {3} Buz., Budi.

hurdhë [f] (tg) ‘garlic’

PAlb. *horδ- (AE 204) ‘garlic’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 941)

Gr. σκόρ(ο)δον ‘garlic’

Notes: {1} Probably, a non-IE Wanderwort.

(h)urdhë [f] (tg) ‘pond, pool; swamp’

PAlb. *urδa̅ < QIE *uh1r-d(h)eh2 (AE 205)

PIE *uh1r- ‘water’ (Pok. 80)

Skt. vḁ̅́r- ‘water’; OPr. wurs ‘pond, pool’

hut [adv] (tg) ‘in vain, vainly; empty, idle’

PAlb. *hut- < QIE *h2ut-

Alb. hutoj [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to keep in the air; hebetate’ (AE 205)

PIE *h2eu-t- ‘downward(s)’ (Pok. 72)

Gr. αὔτως ‘in vain’

Go. auÞs ‘desert’ [adj.]

Notes: {1} Denominative form with suffix -ó-.

yll {1} [m] (tg) ‘star’

PAlb. *(h)ūl- < QIE *h1us-lo- (AE 206)

PIE *h1eus- ‘to burn, glow’ (Pok. 347)

OIc. usli ‘embers’

Notes: {1} Pl. yj from Alb. *yɫi.

(i) im [pronposs Nomsm] (tg); (i) em [pronposs Nomsm] (g) {1} ‘my’

PAlb. *(e)m- (AE 206)

PIE *h1mos {1} ‘my’ (Pok. 702)

Gr. ἐμός ‘my’

Arm. im ‘my’

Notes: {1} Possibly with secundary lowering of the root vowel. Nompm (e) mi ’my’ < *mi̅̅̆ <

PAlb *(e)moi.

jetër [pron] {2} (tg) ‘other, another’

PAlb. *éter-

Alb. {4} (AE 208)

PIE *h1e-tero- {1} (Pok. 284)

OCS eterъ ‘somebody’; Umbr. etro- ‘another’

Notes: {1} From the pronominal stem h1e-. {2} Indefinite pronoun. {3} < Alb. t(ə) jetər. {4}

Mnp (të) tjerë < *h1e-tér-.

ju [pronpers] (tg) ‘you’

PAlb. *iu- {1} (AE 209)

PIE *iu(H)-? ‘you’ (Pok. 513)

Lith. jūs ‘you’; Go. jus ‘you’

Notes: {1} Possibly, although less probably < *usm-.

ka [m] (tg) {1} ‘ox (for community services)’

PAlb. *kau- < QIE *ḱm̥-uo- (AE 210)

PIE *ḱem- {1} ‘hornless’ _?_ (Pok. 556)

Lith. šmùlis ‘hornless cow, ox’

Notes: {1} Pl. qe from Alb. *ka-i̅̅̆. {2} Alternatively, one might suggest an ancient loanword

from PIE gwou- ‘ox’, from an IE language in which the velar series had become voiceless, cf.

Arm. kow, OHG chuo.

kalli {1} [m] (tg); kallëz [fnp] (t) {2} ‘ear’

PAlb. *kal- (AE 211)

PIE *kolH- ‘awn, beard’ (Pok. 545)

OCS kolъ ‘plug, peg’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the suffix -í. {2} Nowadays, it occurs singularized as a

diminutive form in many dialects.

kashtë [f] (tg) ‘straw, chaff’

PAlb. *kalś-ta̅

Alb. kashër [f] (g) ‘reed, rush, Juncus idaeus’ {1} (AE 213)

PIE *kol(H)-(e)s- ‘sting, awn’ (Pok. 545)

OCS klasъ ‘ear’; OHG hul(i)s ‘holly(-tree)’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. *kalś-(V)ra̅.

karpë [f] (tg) ‘rock, crag’

PAlb. *karpa̅ < QIE *kor(H)p-o- (AE 213)

PIE *(s)ker(H)p- ‘?’ (Pok. 944)

Norw. skarv ‘bare rock’

keq {1} [adv] (tg); (i) keq {2} [adj] (tg) ‘bad(ly)’

PAlb. *kaki̅̅̆- (AE 216) _−_

Gr. κακός ‘bad’

Notes: {1} With umlaut a > e. {2} Mnp. (të) këqi(j) < *kakí-.

k(ë) ̊ [particle] (tg) {1} ‘here’

PAlb. *ku ̊ (AE 217)

PIE *kwu- ‘who, where’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 644)

Go. -hun [pron] {2}

Notes: {1} Deictic particle of remote distance. It only occurs in the pronominal system as the

first member of a compound. {2} Pronominal element for the formation of indefinite

pronouns. {3} [MdV] It seems at least equally likely that kë- derives from Latin eccum.

Demiraj AE 217speaks about ‘near’ deixis rather than ‘remote’.

kë / kãn(d) [pron Accsm/n/f] {1} ‘who, whom (?)’

PAlb. *kaN < QIE *kwo-m

Alb. kã [pron Accsm/n/f] (g) ‘who, whom’; kënd / kãn(d) [pron Accsm/f/n] ‘anyone’ {2} (AE

218)

PIE *kwo- ‘who’ (Pok. 644)

Lat. quom ‘cum’

Notes: {1} Interrogative and relative pronoun. {2} Indefinite pronoun; compound < kwom-to-.

{3} [MdV] The derivation of kënd < kwom-tom is problematic since *-nt- yields -n- in the

acc.sg.m. of noun paradigms. Also, the oldest Geg texts have acc.sg. ke, ka (nasalized

vowels), and also kun, kana (Buz.). Hence, -d in kënd must be a later addition. Its earliest

occurrence seems to be in the indefinites (e.g. Bogd. as ... kand), hence one might think of a

reduced form of -do ‘will’, as in the later form kushdo.

këlysh {1} [m] (tg) ‘kid, young, puppy, kitten’

PAlb. *kull- < QIE *kwl̥ -io-

Alb. kulish [m] (t) ‘kid, young, puppy, kitten’; kuç/c [m] (tg) {2} ‘doggy’ (AE 218)

PIE *(s)k(w)el- ‘to cry, shriek; roar, howl’ (Pok. 550)

Gr. (Hes.) κύλλα . σκύλαξ

Lith. kãlė ‘bitch’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the diminutive suffix -ush. {2} from Alb. kul-ç with the

diminutive hypochoristic suffix -ç/c.

kohë [f] (tg) ‘time; span; weather; epoch’

PAlb. *ke̅ua̅ {1} (AE 221)

PIE *keh1s-(u-) ‘time?’ (Pok. 636)

OCS časъ ‘time’; OPr. ki̅sman ‘time’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. -eh2-stems. {2} [MdV] Kortlandt’s

arguments (SSGL 10 [1987], p. 222) against a connection with the Slavic word for ‘time’

seem convincing to me. No alternative etymology has been worked out in detail.

kollë [f {1}] (tg) ‘cough’

PAlb. *ka̅la̅ < QIE *kwa̅̅̆sla̅ (AE 222)

PIE *kw(e)h2s-, kwa̅̆ s- ‘cough’ (Pok. 649)

Lith. kosulỹs ‘cough’; Latv. kâsulis ‘cough’

Notes: {1} Singulare tantum.

kop(ë)sht {1} [m] (tg) ‘garden’

PAlb. *ka̅p-(śt-) (AE 222)

PIE *keh2po- ‘land, garden’ (Pok. 529)

Gr. (Dor.) κᾳ̃πος ‘garden’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with the suffix -(ë)sht(ë).

krah [m] (tg) ‘(upper)arm, wing, shoulder’

PAlb. *krau- < QIE *ḱreh2u-, ḱrh2eu- (AE 224)

PIE *ḱreh2u-, ḱruh2- ‘limb’ (Pok. 624)

Lat. crūs, -ris ?

kërci / kërcĩ [m] {1} ‘shank, lower part of the leg, shin(-bone)’

PAlb. *krū ̊

Alb. kërbisht [m] (tg) ‘rump-bone’ {2} (AE 224)

PIE *ḱruh2-s ‘limb’ (Pok. 624)

Lat. crūs ‘shank, leg’

Arm. srownk‘ ‘shin-bone’

Notes: {1} Metathesized from Alb. kri-tsi. {2} Compound Alb. kri-bišt.

krap {1} [m] (t); krep {2} [m] (tg) ‘rock, crag, sandstone’

PAlb. *krap- < QIE *krop-

Alb. shkrep [m] (tg) ‘rock, crag, sandstone’ {3} (AE 225)

PIE *(s)Krep- ‘to cut?’ (Pok. 944)

MHG schrave ‘rugged cliff, crag’; MHG schroff ‘crag’

Notes: {1} Pl. krepe with umlaut a > e. {2} Singularized Alb. krapi̅̅̆. {3} With intensive

prefix sh-.

krënd [m] (t) ‘brushwood’

PAlb. *grand- < QIE *ghrondh-, ghrh2enT-

Alb. krënde / krãnde [fnp] ‘brushwood, fodder, corn-cob’ {1}; grãth [m] (g) ‘blade of straw’

{2} (AE 225)

PIE *gher(H)- ‘to stick out (of)’ (Pok. 440)

W. grann ‘eyelid’; SCr. grána ‘brushwood’

Notes: {1} Plurale tantum. {2} < Alb. *grãnd-th with the diminutive suffix -th. The

‘hardening’ of the anlaut is due to dissimilation.

krim(b) {1} [m] (tg) ‘worm, maggot, caterpillar’

PAlb. *krim(i)-

Alb. kërmi [f/m] (tg) {2} ‘wood worm’; kërmi(ll) [m] (tg) ‘maggot’ (AE 225)

PIE *kwr̥mi- ‘worm’ (Pok. 649)

Lith. kirmìs ‘maggot’

Notes: {1} Pl. kërmij. {2} < Alb. *krimí-. Mostly plurale tantum.

ku [adv] (tg) {1} ‘where’

PAlb. *ku-

Alb. kũn(d) ‘somewhere’ [adv] {2} (AE 226)

PIE *kwu- ‘how, where, when’ (Pok. 647)

Skt. kū̥́ ‘where?’; AV. kū ‘where?’

Notes: {1} Also adverb of place and conjunction. {2} < *kwuN-to-.

kur [adv] (tg) {1} ‘when’

PAlb. *kur-

Alb. kurrë [adv] (tg) ‘never’ {2} (AE 227)

PIE *kwu-r ‘where, when’ (Pok. 647)

Lith. kur ̃ͅ ‘where’

Notes: {1} Also adverb of time and conjunction. {2} Old compound of kur-ne/o-.

kush [pron] (tg) {2} ‘who’

PAlb. *ku-śa? {1} < QIE *kwu ̊

Alb. qysh [pron] {3} (tg) ‘what(?)’ (AE 228)

PIE *kwu- ‘how, when, where’ (Pok. 647)

ToB kuse ‘who’

Notes: {1} A compound of two pronominal elements, possibly from kwu-sm. {3} Indefinite,

interrogative and relative pronoun. {4} Indefinite and relative pronoun.

lag [m] (g) ‘troop, band’

PAlb. *lag- < QIE *logh-o-

Alb. lagje [fns/p] (tg) {1} ‘ward, quarter, large number, part’ (AE 230)

PIE *legh- ‘to lay, lie (down)’ (Pok. 668)

Gr. λόχος ambush, ambuscade, armed band

Notes: {1} Singularized plural form.

lak {1} [m] (tg) ‘chain-trap for wild animals, noose, slip, knot’

PAlb. *lak-

Alb. lakth [m] (tg) {2} ‘mesh, knot, Adam’s apple, Cartilago thyroidea’; lajthi [f] (tg) ‘witch-

hazel’ {3} (AE 231)

PIE *lh2k- ‘twisted, twig, sprig (as loop)’ _−_ (Pok. 673)

Lat. lax ‘bait, lure, noose, slip’; laqueus ‘cord, rope (as noose, slip)’

Notes: {1} Pl. leqe < Alb. *laki̅̅̆. {2} -th enlargement. {3} Enlargement of Alb. *lakϑ with the

collective suffix -í.

lapë {1} [f] (tg) ‘dewlap, paunch, rash’

PAlb. *lap-

Alb. llapë [f] (tg) {2} ‘tongue, lap of the ear’; labë [f] (g) ‘φλοιός, cortex’ {3}; lapër [f] (t)

{4} ‘dewlap, peritoneum’ (AE 233)

PIE *? ‘bark, skin, flay’ _−_ (Pok. 678)

Gr. λοπός ‘peel, cortex, skin’

Notes: {1} Pl. lapra, (t), lapna (g). {2} With expressive anlaut. {3} With unclear, voiced

inlaut. {4} Singularized plural form.

latë [f] (tg) ‘kind of hatchet, axe, chopper’

PAlb. *lapta̅ < QIE *lh2p-to-

Alb. latoj [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to carve, whittle, grave (on wood)’ (AE 234)

PIE *leh2p- ‘to be flat, even; shovel?’ (Pok. 679)

Lith. lopetà ‘shovel’; OPr. lopto ‘spade’

Notes: {1} Alb. form in -o-.

ledh [m] (tg) ‘loam, clay, river-sand/bank, mass of earth’

PAlb. *(a)laiδ- < QIE *h2loid- (AE 235)

PIE *h2lei- ‘slimy, to slip’ (Pok. 662)

OPr. laydis ‘loam, clay’

lerë [f] (g) ‘rock-slip, boulder’

PAlb. *leura̅ {2} (AE 237)

PIE *leh1u- ‘stone’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 683)

Gr. (Hom.) λᾳ̃ας ‘stone’

OIr. líe ‘stone’

Notes: {1} Etymologically uncertain. {2} A rebuilt form after the fem. stems in -eh2.

lesh {1} [n/m] {2} (tg) ‘wool, hair, fleece’

PAlb. *(u)laś- < QIE *Hul̥ h1-s- (AE 238)

PIE *Huelh1- ‘wool’ (Pok. 1139)

Lat. vellus ‘wool, fleece, skin’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel. {2} Mostly singulare tantum.

lëkurë {2} [f] (tg) ‘skin, hide, fell, leather, rind’

PAlb. * ̊kura̅ {1} < QIE *kh1u-ro- (AE 240)

PIE *(s)keuh1- ‘to cover (over), wrap (up)’ (Pok. 951)

Gr. σκύλος ‘fell, pell, rind’ {3}

Notes: {1} Secundarily entered the declension of the fem. -eh2-stems. {2} With prefix l(ë)-.

{3} A parallel formation.

lëmë / lãmë [m/f] {2} ‘threshing-floor, threshing’

PAlb. *(a)lo̅u-m- {1} (AE 241) ‘(threshing-, malting-)floor’ _?_

Gr. ἀλωή ‘(threshing-)floor’

ON lófi ‘(threshing-)floor’

Notes: {1} Enlargement in -mo- or -mn/men-. {2} From Alb. *le(u)m-.

(i) lig [adj] (tg) ‘bad, worse, ill’

PAlb. *alig- (AE 243)

PIE *h3lig-o- ‘indigent, needy, ill’ (Pok. 667)

Gr. ὀλίγος ‘small, little’

Lith. ligas ‘ill, worse’; ligà ‘illness’; Latv. liga ‘epidemic disease’

lopë [f] (tg) ‘cow’

PAlb. *la̅pa̅ (AE 245)

PIE *leh2p-? ‘large cattle’ _−_ (Pok. 654)

Latv. luõps ‘cattle’

lug {1} [m] (tg) ‘trough, water-channel, spillway’

PAlb. *lug(a̅)

Alb. lugë [f] (tg) {2} ‘spoon’ (AE 245)

PIE *(s)leuK- ‘to gulp/drink (down), swallow’ (Pok. 964)

OIc. slok ‘trough, spillway’; MHG slūch ‘gulf, abyss’

Notes: {1} Pl. lugje. {2} May also be connected with OCS lъžica ‘spoon’.

(i) lumë [adj] (tg) ‘beatus, felix, sanctus’

PAlb. *lubn- < QIE *lubh-no- (AE 247)

PIE *leubh- ‘to like/wish (sth), desire, request’ (Pok. 683)

Lat. lubens ‘willing, (be) fond of smth.’

lëng / lãng [m] ‘liquid, juice, sap’

PAlb. *(u)la-n-g- {1} < QIE *ul̥ Hg-(no-) (AE 248)

PIE *uelHg- ‘wet, moist’ (Pok. 1145)

Russ. vológa ‘liquid’

Notes: {1} With metathesis.

lym [m] (g) ‘mud (of the river), loam, clay, blemish’

PAlb. *lū̅̆m- < QIE *l(H)u(H)-mo-

Alb. llum [m] (t) {1} ‘loam, clay, dregs’ (AE 248)

PIE *leu(H)- ‘to spoil’ (Pok. 681)

Gr. λυ̃ͅμα ‘dirt, filth, blemish’

Notes: {1} With expressive anlaut, which in its turn has caused the velarization of the

following vowel.

lucë {1} [f] (tg); llucë {2} [f] (tg) ‘mud, mire, sludge’

PAlb. *lū̅̆t ̊ < QIE *l(H)u(H)-to- (AE 248)

PIE *leuH- ‘to spoil’ (Pok. 681)

Lat. lutum ‘dirt, excrements’

Notes: {1} A suffixed form Alb. *lut-së. {2} With expressive ‘hardening’ of the initial.

llërë / llãnë [f] {1} ‘fore-arm’

PAlb. *o̅lena̅ {2} (AE 249)

PIE *o̅̅̆l-e̅̅̆n- ‘elbow’ (Pok. 307)

Gr. ὠλένη ‘elbow, fore-arm’

Lat. ulna ‘funny-bone, elbow’

Notes: {1} From *V̄lana̅̅̆ with lowering of the internal vowel as a consequence of the

velarization of the intervocalic -l-. {2} [MdV] It seems safer to assume a PAlb. form with a

short initial vowel, *alenā.

madh [m] (g) ‘porridge of corn flour, prepared with boiling cream or cheese’

PAlb. *maϑ-

Alb. mazë [f] (g) {1} ‘porridge of corn flour, prepared with boiling cream or cheese’ (AE

250)

PIE *mh2sd-, məsd-? ‘fat, feed, fodder?’ (Pok. 695)

Skt. médas- ‘fat’; OHG. mast ‘fodder, feeding, fattening’

Notes: {1} With Alb. enlargement -(ë)z(ë).

(i) madh [adj] (tg) ‘big’

PAlb. *maδ- (AE 250)

PIE *məǵ(e)h2- ‘big’ (Pok. 708)

Skt. mah- ‘big’

katër [num] (tg) ‘four’

PAlb. *katu(V)r < QIE *kwətu(o̅̅̆)r(-)

Alb. (i) katërt [num ord] (tg) ‘fourth’ (AE 251)

PIE *kwetuer- ‘four’ (Pok. 642)

Lat. quattuor ‘four’

Notes: {1} [MdV] In view of the difficulties involved in explaining the a in the first syllable

and also ë in the second syllable, one might prefer to derive katër from Latin quattuor , VLat.

quattor.

mal [m] (tg) ‘mountain, rock-formation, mountain-wood’

PAlb. *mall-

Alb. majë / maje [f] ‘peak, summit, top, tip, brim, elevated place’ {2} (AE 254)

PIE *molH-(i-) ‘elevated, raised place’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 722)

Rom. mal ‘shore, side (of the river)’; Latv. mala ‘shore, side (of the river)’

Notes: {1} Possibly, a non-IE word. {2} < PAlb. *maliia̅ (< *m(o)lH-ieh2).

makë [f] {2} (tg) ‘skin (on liquids)’

PAlb. *maka̅ {1}

Alb. makra [fnp] {3} (t) ‘phlegm, mucus (in the period of pregnancy)’; makë [f] (t) ‘sputum,

placenta’; mãgë [f] (g) {4} ‘mucus (in the period of pregnancy), placenta’ (AE 253)

PIE *mh2ek-, mok-? ‘wet, moist’ (Pok. 698)

OCS mokrъ ‘wet, moist’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem -eh2-stems. {2} Singulare tantum. {3}

Plurale tantum. {4} With secondary nasalization.

mã(n)g {2} [m] (g) {3} ‘hinnulus’

PAlb. *magu-

Alb. makth [m] (tg) ‘{4} leveret, young cony/rabbit, nightmare’; meksh [m] (g) {5} ‘bull-calf’

(AE 254)

PIE *mh2ghu- ‘young animal, cub, youngster’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 696)

Go. magus ‘boy, lad’; OIr. macc ‘son’

Notes: {1} Probably, a non-IE word. {2} With secondary nasalization. {3}Buz. {4}

Enlargement in -th: Alb. *mag-θ. {5} Alb. form with the suffix -sh.

mardhë [f] (tg) ‘frost, freeze’

PAlb. *marδa̅ < QIE *morǵ(h)-

Alb. mardh [verb] (tg) ‘to freeze, be feeling cold’ (AE 256)

PIE *merǵ(h)- ‘to rot, decay?’ (Pok. 740)

OCS mrazъ ‘frost, freeze’

mazë [f] (tg) ‘cream (cheese), quantity’

PAlb. *madź(i)a̅ < QIE *mh2ǵ-(i)ieh2 (AE 258)

PIE *meh2ǵ- ‘to knead, stroke’ (Pok. 696)

Gr. μαγίς ‘kneaded mass/substance’

Russ. maz’ ‘salve, ointment’

shtat {1} [m] (tg) ‘structure of the body, figure’

PAlb. *śtat- {3} < QIE *sth2-ti/o-

Alb. mbështes [verb] (tg) ‘to lean, rest, stand, back up, base’ {2} (AE 260)

PIE *steh2- ‘to stay, stand, put, lay’ (Pok. 1006)

Lat. status standing, stand

Russ. stat’ ‘structure of the body’

Notes: {1} Pl. shtet with umlaut of the root vowel. {2} Old denominative < * ̥śtat̥́- ( < *sth2t-

io-). {3}[MdV] To my mind, shtat is rather a borrowing from Latin status.

mbi {1} [prep] (tg) ‘on, upon, over’

PAlb. * ̊(V)pi (AE 260)

PIE *h1(e)pi, h1opi ‘up, on, upon (on-to, un-to)’ (Pok. 323)

Gr. ἐπί ‘on, to, towards’

Notes: {1} Compound of *h2en-h1(e/o)pi.

më {1} [prep] (tg) ‘(a)round, at, by’

PAlb. *ambi (AE 261)

PIE *h2mbi ‘(a)round’ (Pok. 34)

Lat. amb(i)-, am- ‘(a)round’

Skt. abhí ‘(a)round’

Notes: {1} From Alb. mbə, which is attested in the older Gheg literature (Buz.) and still in

Tosk dialects as mbë.

mëlle(n)jë {3} [f] (tg); mulle(n)jë [f] (tg) ‘blackbird’

PAlb. *(V)me̅l ̊ {2} (AE 264)

PIE *h2(e)mes(e)l- {1} ‘blackbird’ (Pok. 35)

Lat. merula ‘blackbird’

OHG amsla ‘blackbird’

Notes: {1} If not a European word. {2} from a preform (V)mesl ̥. {3} Enlargement with the

suffix -enjë.

mëmë [f] (t); mãmë [f] (g) ‘mother’

PAlb. *ma(m)ma̅ (AE 265)

PIE *ma̅̅̆(m)ma̅, meh2-(m)meh2 {1} ‘mother’ (Pok. 694)

Gr. μάμμη ‘mother’

Lat. mamma ‘mother’

Notes: {1} Nursery word.

mi [m] (tg) ‘mouse’

PAlb. *mū- (AE 267)

PIE *muHs-, root *muHs ‘mouse’ _+_ (Pok. 752)

Gr. μυ̃ͅς ‘mouse’

Lat. mūs ‘mouse’

Skt. mū̥́ ṣ- ‘mouse’

miell, mjell [m/n] (tg) ‘flour’

PAlb. *melu- (AE 268)

PIE *melh1-u- ‘meal, flour’ (Pok. 716)

OHG melo ‘meal, flour’

mirë [adv] (tg); (i) mirë [adj] (tg) ‘well, good’

PAlb. *mi̅̅̆r- < QIE *m(H)i(H)-ro- (AE 268)

PIE *meiH- ‘mild, soft’ (Pok. 711)

Lat. mi̅rus ‘wonderful’

mizë [f] (tg) ‘fly’

PAlb. *mū- (AE 270)

PIE *? ‘fly, whim, caprice’ (Pok. 752)

Gr. μυι̃ͅα ‘fly’

ON mý ‘whim’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -zë.

mjergull(ë) {1} [f] (tg) ‘nebula’

PAlb. *mergula̅ (AE 271)

PIE *mer(H)gw- ‘to flicker, glimmer, gleam’ (Pok. 734)

ON myrkr ‘dark’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -ullë.

mish [m/n] (tg) ‘meat’

PAlb. *me̅mśá- (AE 269)

PIE *me̅mso- ‘meat’ (Pok. 725)

Skt. ma̅ṃsám ‘meat’; Go. mimz ‘meat’

mjaltë [n/m] (tg) ‘honey’

PAlb. *mel(i)ta- {1}, cf. bletë (AE 270)

PIE *meli-t(-) ‘honey’ (Pok. 723)

Gr. μέλι ‘honey’

Hitt. milit ‘honey’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the neuter -o-stems.

njeg [m] (g) ‘hazy weather, misty’

PAlb. *(n)neG- {1}

Alb. njegull(ë) [m] (tg) ‘nūbes, caligo’ (AE 272)

PIE *? _−_

Rom. negură ‘fog’

Notes: {1} May be connected with the root negw- ‘to get dark’ or (s)neuK-, cf. Lith. niáuka

‘darkness (of the sky), dusky, dim (weather)’.

mjekër, mjek(ë)rë [f] (tg) ‘chin, beard’

PAlb. *(m)mekri (AE 273)

PIE *smeḱ-r̥ ‘chin’ (Pok. 968)

Lith. smãkras chin; Skt. śmáśru- ‘beard, moustache’

(i) mjerë [adj] (tg) {2} ‘miserable, woeful, unhappy’

PAlb. *m(i)ier- (AE 274) ‘blotted, spotted, stained?’ _−_ (Pok. 697 {1})

Gr. μιερός, μιαρός ‘polluted, defiled’

Notes: {1} Root mai-. {2} Also as an exclamatory particle.

(ndër)mjet [prep, adv] (tg) ‘between, among, amid’

PAlb. *met-

Alb. me [prep] (tg) ‘with’; mje [prep] (g) ‘(un)till’; mjet [m] (g) ‘wall separating’ (AE 275)

PIE *me-t- ‘with, in the midst/middle of, between’ (Pok. 702)

Gr. μέτα, μετά ‘in the midst/middle of, between, behind’

mes [m] (tg); mjes/z [m] (g) ‘middle, mid’

PAlb. *meTi, meTśi- < QIE *meTi(-), meTi-o-

Alb. midis [prep, adv] (tg) ‘between, in the middle of’ (AE 274)

PIE *me-t/dhi ‘with, middle’ (Pok. 702)

Go. miÞ ‘with’

Notes: {1} The derivation of PIE forms is not convincing. One may alternatively derive mjez-

from Latin medius (cf. gaz < gaudium). Alb. mes has been explained as a borrowing from

Modern Greek mésos; it might also represent a devoiced variant of mez.

mo [particle] {1} (tg) ‘do not!’

PAlb. *me̅

Alb. mos [particle] {2} (tg) ‘don’t (you)?, not!’ (AE 275)

PIE *meh1 ‘not’ (Pok. 703)

Gr. μή ‘not, no’

Skt. mḁ̅́ ‘not, no’

Notes: {1} Prohibitive particle. {2} Dubitative; with an adverb expressing fear or doubt <

*meh1 kwe.

modhë [f] (tg) ‘brome, darnel, lentil, bean, pea(s), wetch {2}’

PAlb. *me̅/a̅δa̅

Alb. modhull(ë) [f] (tg) {3} ‘brome, darnel, lentil, bean, pea(s), wetch’ (AE 276) _−_ {1}

(Pok. 695)

Skt. mḁ̅́ṣa- ‘bean’; MP ma̅s ‘wetch, legume’; Rom. mazăre ‘lentil’

Notes: {1} ‘Wanderwort’. {2} Depending on the dialect. {3} Enlargement with -ullë.

morr {1} [m] (tg) ‘louse’

PAlb. *me̅r(e)n- < QIE *mers-en

Alb. morriz, murriz [m] (tg) ‘Christ’s thorn’ (AE 277)

PIE *mer-s- ‘to rub (sore)’ (Pok. 739)

MoHG morsch ‘decayed, pulpy’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement in -(ë)z(ë).

mot [m] (tg) ‘period of time (of a year), year, weather’

PAlb. *me̅t- (AE 278)

PIE *meh1-t(i/o)- ‘mass, time, year’ (Pok. 703)

Lith. mẽtas ‘year, time, mass’

mot(ë)rë, motër [f] (tg) ‘sister’

PAlb. *ma̅tri (AE 279)

PIE *meh2-tr̥ ‘mother’ (Pok. 700)

Gr. μήτηρ ‘mother’

Skt. ma̅tár- ‘mother’

Notes: In order to explain the semantic shift from ‘mother’ to ‘sister’, Hamp (1986) assumes

that the original Indo-European word *suesor ‘sister’ is reflected in Alb. vajzë. Alb. motrë

would be an abbrevation of the expression *matra *uor- ‘mother’s girl’, which came to be

used to denote the ‘sister’. Lit.: Eric P. Hamp, ‘Alb. vajzë, motrë’ , in: Studi Albanologici

(etc.) in onore di Giuseppe Valentini, Firenze 1986, p. 109-110.

meje [pronpers Abls] (tg) ‘from me’

më [DatAcc] {1} (tg); mua / mu(e) [DatAcc] {2}

PAlb. *me̅̅̆- (AE 279)

PIE *me- ‘me’ (Pok. 702)

Notes: {1} Proclitic form of the Acc-Dat. 1sg. personal pronoun. {2} < Alb. *moN.

muaj / mu(e)j [m] {1} ‘month’

PAlb. *me̅n- (AE 279)

PIE *meh1n-s ‘time, mass, month’ (Pok. 703)

Lat. me̅nsis ‘month’

Notes: {1}Buz. muoj [m] (g).

m(u)llezë {2} [f] (tg) ‘hop-hornbeam, Ostrya carpinifolia’

PAlb. *mel ̊ {1}

Alb. mëllak [m] (t) ‘Quercus conferta’ {3} (AE 280)

PIE *mel(H)- ‘dark(-coloured), swarthy?’ (Pok. 720)

Gr. μέλαν- ‘black’

Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further Alb. formations. {2} Formation with -(é)zë. {3}

Formation with -ák.

s ̊, ̊s [particle] (tg) ‘not’

PAlb. *tśe (AE 276)

PIE *kwe ‘and’ (Pok. 635)

Skt. ca ‘and’; Go. (ni)h ‘and (not)’

natë {2} [f] (tg) ‘night’

PAlb. *nakta̅ {1} (AE 283)

PIE *nokw-t- ‘night’ (Pok. 762)

Lat. nox ‘night’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. -eh2-stems. {2} Pl. net is possibly the reflex

of the du. nokwt-ih1.

tërë / tãnë [pronindef] ‘all, full’

PAlb. *tan- {2} < QIE *tons {1}

Alb. (i) tërë / (i) tãnë [adj] ‘all’ (AE 189)

PIE *to(d) ‘it’ (Pok. 1096)

Gr. τόν ‘it’

Notes: {1} Acc.pl.m. {2} corr sic < to-(V)no- ??

ndër [prep] {1} (tg) ‘between, under, to, by’

PAlb. *enter (AE 287)

PIE *h1(e)nter ‘in, between’ (Pok. 313)

Lat. enter ‘between’

Notes: {1} Also used as a prefix. {2} [MdV] I do not see how one can exclude a borrowing

from Latin inter.

(n)djerë, (n)gjer {1} [prep] (tg) ‘until, at, near(ly)’

PAlb. *a/N(e)dri

Alb. mjerth(i) [prep] (g) {2} ‘until’ (AE 288)

PIE *m(e)-ǵhri ‘at, till, to’ (Pok. 702)

Gr. μέχρι(ς), ἄχρι(ς) ‘until’

Arm. merj ‘at, by’

Notes: {1} From Alb. *(N)der-. {2} Enlargement with -th(i).

na [pronpers NomAccDat] (tg) {1} ‘we, us’

ne(ve) [NomAccDat] (tg) {2}; nesh [Abl] (tg) {3}

PAlb. *na-, no- (AE 291)

PIE *no̅̅̆s ‘us’ _+_ (Pok. 758)

Lat. no̅s ‘we’

Skt. nas ‘we’

Notes: {1} In the obl. cases, it only occurs as a proclitic. {2} neve contains an enlargement -

ve- from the nominal system. {3} With -sh-enlargement from the nominal system.

nes {1} [adv] (t) ‘after, next after’

PAlb. *(e)no̅ ̊

Alb. nesër [adv] (tg) ‘tomorrow’ (AE 292)

PIE *(h1)ne̅̅̆-, (h1)no̅̆ - ‘after, behind, next to/after’ _?_ (Pok. 40)

Gr. ἔνη(ς), ἔνας ‘the day after tomorrow’

Go. nehʷ ‘after’

Notes: {1} A compound ne-s < *no̅ kwe.

nëmë / nãmë [f/m] ‘curse, imprecation, misdeed’

PAlb. *nam- < QIE *nom-o- (AE 293)

PIE *nem- ‘to apportion, assign’ (Pok. 763)

Gr. νόμος usage, use, law

nënë / nãnë [f] ‘mother’

PAlb. *na(n)na̅ (AE 294)

PIE *na̅̅̆(n)na̅̅̆ {1} ‘mother’ _−_

Gr. νέννος ‘mother’

Skt. nanḁ̅́ ‘mother’

Notes: {1} Nursery word.

nëntë / nãntë [num] {1} ‘nine’

PAlb. *(e)neun(-ta̅̅̆)

Alb. (i) nëntë / (i) nãntë [num ord] ‘ninth’ (AE 294)

PIE *h1neun ‘nine’ _+_ (Pok. 318)

OCS devętь ‘nine’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -të under the influence of the respective ordinal and of the

cardinal dhjetë ‘ten’.

gat(i) [adv] (tg) ‘ready (to leave/go/begin smth.), nearly’

PAlb. *gat- < QIE *gwm̥-t(o/i)-

Alb. ngas [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to put/set in motion, drift’ (AE 296)

PIE *gwem- ‘to go’ (Pok. 463)

Skt. gáti- ‘going, course’

Notes: {1} Albanian denominative formation from * ̥gatśi- < *gwṃt-io-).

(i) ngjelmë {1} [adj] (g) ‘salty, savory’

PAlb. * ̊śali(m)- < QIE *sh2eli(mo)-

Alb. gjellë [f] (tg) ‘dish’ (AE 298)

PIE *seh2l-(i-) ‘salt’ (Pok. 878)

Gr. ἅλιμος ‘of the sea, sea’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with the prefix (a)n-. The root vowel points to umlaut, caused by -i-

of the following syllable.

nip [m] (tg) ‘grandson, -child, nephew’

PAlb. *nepo̅

Alb. mbesë [m] (tg) ‘granddaughter, niece’ {1} {2} (AE 301)

PIE *nepo̅t ‘grandson, nephew’ (Pok. 764)

Lat. nepo̅s grandson

Skt. nápat- ‘grandson’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. *nepo̅tś(i)a̅. {2} [MdV] Or borrowed from VLat. nepōtia, cf. Rum.

nepoat,ă, as has been proposed by others.

njer(i) [m {1}] (tg) ‘human being’

PAlb. *(a)ner- (AE 304)

PIE *h2ne̅̅̆r- ‘man’ (Pok. 765)

Skt. nár- ‘man, human being’

Notes: {1} Pl. njerëz; the form of the singular is also used as indefinite pronoun ‘someone,

whoever’.

(i) njomë [adj] (tg) ‘soft, tender, fresh’

PAlb. *kne̅m-

Alb. njom [verb] (tg) ‘to wet, soak, moisten’ (AE 306)

PIE *kne̅̅̆s-(m-) ‘to scratch, scrape, rub?’ (Pok. 561)

Go. hnasqus ‘soft, delicate’; OE hnesce ‘tender, weak’

pa {2} [particle] (tg) ‘thus, then, so’

PAlb. *apa

Alb. pa [particle] (tg) ‘without, having no’ {1}; prapë [adv] (tg) ‘again, back, anew, afresh’

(AE 307)

PIE *h2(e)po- ‘off, away’ (Pok. 53)

Gr. ἄπα, ἀπά ‘away, off’

Skt. ápa ‘away, off’

Notes: {1} pa [pa:] in the oldest Alb. literature and in dialects. Must be regarded as a

combination of two contiguous particles: PAlb. *apa au-. {2} Combination of two contiguous

particles: Alb. *pər apə.

palë [f] (tg) ‘fold, stratum’

PAlb. *palla̅ < QIE *pol-io- (AE 308)

PIE *pel- ‘to fold’ (Pok. 803)

Rom. pală ‘fold’; Go. falÞan ‘fold’

parë [adv, prep] (tg) ‘before(hand), first, previously’

PAlb. *par-

Alb. para [adv, prep] (tg) ‘forward, ahead’ {1} (AE 310)

PIE *pr̥H-e/o-s ‘before, in front’ (Pok. 813)

Gr. πάρος ‘earlier, forward’

Skt. purás ‘forward, ahead, in front’

Notes: {1} Back formation from përpara < Alb. *pər-parə-a.

(i) parë [num ord] (tg) ‘first’

PAlb. *paru- {1} (AE 311)

PIE *prh2-u- ‘first’ (Pok. 815)

Skt. pū̥́ rva- ‘former, front’; OCS prьvъ ‘first’

Notes: {1} Arose in the weak cases.

pas {1} [prep, adv] {2} (tg) ‘behind, after’

PAlb. *pa ̊ (AE 311)

PIE *pos(t) ‘directly to/at/after, after’ (Pok. 841)

Gr. πό(ς) ‘at, to, by’

OCS po ‘behind, after’

Notes: {1} Combination of two contiguous particles: *pos(t) + kwe. {2} Frequently occurs as

a prefix.

pelë [f] (tg) ‘mare’

PAlb. *po̅lla̅ < QIE *po̅l(H)-ieh2, pl̥ H-(i)ieh2? (AE 314)

PIE *pel(H)- ‘to set in motion by thrusting or beating, to drive’ _?_ (Pok. 801)

Gr. πῳ̃λος ‘foal, filly’

pendë / pẽndë [f] ‘pair, span (of oxen)’

PAlb. *penda̅ {1} (AE 314)

PIE *(s)pen-(d-) ‘to draw, stretch’ (Pok. 988)

Lith. pántis ‘fetter, shackle’

Notes: {1} Old deverbative formation.

pesë / pẽsë [num] ‘five’

PAlb. *pentś(e)

Alb. (i) pestë / (i) pẽstë [num ord] (g) ‘fifth’ (AE 315)

PIE *penkwe ‘five’ (Pok. 808)

Gr. πέντε ‘five’

Lat. quinque ‘five’

petk {1} [m] (tg) ‘gown, garment, dress, suit’

PAlb. *po/ait- (AE 316) ‘gown, cloak’ _−_ (Pok. 92 {1})

Go. paida ‘tunica, shirt’

Notes: {1} Original form *b/paita̅. {2} Enlargement with the suffix -kë.

për {1} [prep] (tg) ‘for, in, within, by, to’

PAlb. *per(i) (AE 316)

PIE *per(i) ‘leading (out) across’ (Pok. 810)

Lat. per ‘through, over’

Skt. parí ‘(a)round’

Notes: {1} Occurs frequently as a prefix. {2} [MdV] Borrowings from Latin with per- and

prō- have joined the inherited prefix.

për(r)ua / përru(e) [m] {3} ‘torrent, stream’

PAlb. *pVre̅/a̅n- (AE 318) ‘torrent, stream’ _−_ {1} (Pok. 329 {2})

Rom. pîrîu {4} ‘torrent, stream’

Notes: {1} Balkan word? {2} To the root er- ’to start moving’. {3} < *pVroN. {4}

Assimilated to rîu ’river’ < Lat. ri̅vus

pidh {2} [f] (tg) ‘pudenda’

PAlb. *piϑ- (AE 319)

PIE *pisd- {1} ‘pudenda’ (Pok. 831)

Lith. pyzdà ‘pudenda’; Russ. pizda ‘pudenda’

Notes: {1} According to Hamp, pi-s(e)d-. {2} With tabooistic voiced auslaut.

pishë [f] (tg) ‘pine(-tree), pine-wood’

PAlb. *pi̅̅̆(?)ś- {2} (AE 321)

PIE *p(H)i(H)-C- ‘resine tree?’ _?_ (Pok. 793 {1})

Lat. pi̅num ‘fir, pine(-tree)’; picea ‘fir, pitch-pine’

Notes: {1} Root pei(H)- ’to be fat’ if IE. {2} Original collective formation with -s(i)o-.

pjalm [m] (tg) ‘pollen’

PAlb. *pelm- {1} < QIE *pel(H)-mo- (AE 323)

PIE *pel(H)- ‘to push’ (Pok. 801)

Notes: {1} [MdV] It is assumed that pjalm derives from the root of pjell ’ to beget, procreate’.

plak {1} {4} [m {2}] (tg) ‘old man’

PAlb. *plak- < QIE *pl̥ H-k-

Alb. plakë [f] (tg) {3} ‘old woman’ (AE 324)

PIE *pelh2- ‘grey, ashy’ (Pok. 804)

Lith. pìlkas ‘grey’

Notes: {1} Pl. pleq from Alb. *plaki̅̅̆. {2} Often occurs as an adjective, meaning ‘oldish,

aged’. {3} Fem. Alb. *plak-a̅̅̆.

plesht [m] (tg) ‘flea’

PAlb. *plauś(i)-t- (AE 325)

PIE *plou-s(i)- ‘flea’ (Pok. 102)

Arm. low ‘flea’

Skt. plúṣi- ‘flea’

plis [m] (tg) ‘clod (of earth), lump’

PAlb. *plitś(i)- < QIE *pl̥ t-io- (AE 326)

PIE *(s)pel-(t-) ‘to sliver, split off, splinter off’ (Pok. 985)

plot [adv] (tg) ‘full, replete’

PAlb. *ple̅t- < QIE *pleh1-t-

Alb. (i) plotë [adj] (tg) ‘full, whole, entire’ (AE 327)

PIE *pelh1- ‘to fill (up)’ (Pok. 799)

Lat. imple̅tus ‘filled’

popël [f] (tg) ‘clod, boulder, rock, stone’

PAlb. *pe̅pli < QIE *pe̅(l)-pl̥ {1} (AE 329)

PIE *(s)pel- ‘to sliver, split off, splinter off’ (Pok. 327)

Gr. (Hes.) πέλλα . λίθος

OHG felis ‘rock’

Notes: {1} If IE, this is an Alb. formation with (broken) reduplication.

prush [m {1}] (tg) ‘embers’

PAlb. *pruś- < QIE *prus- (AE 334)

PIE *preus- ‘to burn (up)?’ (Pok. 846)

Lat. prūna ‘embers’

Notes: {1} Singulare tantum.

pupë [f] (tg) ‘bud, button, bunch of grapes, tassel’

PAlb. *pupa̅ (AE 336)

PIE *pu-p- ‘to puff (out/up), swell?’ _?_ (Pok. 848)

Lat. puppa ‘nipple, teat’

Latv. pupa ‘bean’

re / rẽ [fns/p] ‘cloud, haze, mist’

PAlb. *(e)reN- < QIE *h1regw(s)-no-(e)reN-

Alb. erret [verb 3spr] (tg) {1} ‘to grow dark, darken’ (AE 344)

PIE *h1regw-(es-) ‘dark’ _?_ (Pok. 857)

Gr. ἔρεβος ‘darkness (of the underworld)’; ἐρεμνός ‘dark’

Notes: {1} Denominative formation.

rrap(ë) {2} [nsm/f] (tg); rrepë {3} [f] (tg) ‘radish, rape’

PAlb. *rap- (AE 349)

PIE *r(e)Hp-, ra̅̆ p- {1} ‘radish, rape’ (Pok. 852)

Gr. ῥάπυς ‘cabbage, radish’

Notes: {1} Non-IE ‘Wanderwort’. {2} Bar. and the dialects of Southern Italy. {3} From pl.

rapi̅̅̆.

rrap {1} [m] (tg) ‘plane-tree’

PAlb. *rap- < QIE *rh1p-, rap- (AE 349)

PIE *r(e)h1p-? ‘pale, pole?’ _−_ (Pok. 866)

OCS rěpьje ‘τρίβολος’

Notes: {1} Pl. rrep(e) from Alb. *rrapi̅̅̆.

rrënjë / rrã(n)jë [f] ‘root’

PAlb. *radnia̅ < QIE *urh2d-(nieh2) (AE 350)

PIE *u(e)r(e)h2d- ‘root’ (Pok. 1167)

Lat. ra̅di̅x root

se [conj, pron] {1} (tg) ‘that, as, when’

PAlb. *tśe(i), tśi

Alb. si [conj, pron] {2} (tg) ‘how (?)’; sa [conj, pron] (tg) ‘how many, much (?), as (...) as’

{3} (AE 353)

PIE *kwe-, kw(e)i- ‘how, what’ (Pok. 644)

Notes: {1} Interrog. and rel. pronoun, esp. in connection with a prep. {2} Interrog. and rel.

pronoun, esp. in connection with a prep. From instr. kwi-h1. {3} From Alb. *si-a, a

combination of two pronominal members, viz. *kwih2 and *h2eu-/h2en-.

sorrë [f] (tg) ‘crow’

PAlb. *tśe̅r(e)na̅ < QIE *kwers-en- (AE 355)

PIE *kwers- ‘black, dark(-coloured)’ (Pok. 583)

Skt. kr̥ṣṇá- ‘black’

cup {1} [m] (tg); sup [m] (tg) ‘shoulder’

PAlb. * ̊tśup- (AE 355)

PIE *(s)ḱup- ‘shoulder’ (Pok. 627)

Skt. śúpti- ‘shoulder’; MNG schuft {2} ‘shoulder’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix T(V)-. {2} From Germ. skuftu- with s-.

sy [mns/p] (tg) ‘eye’

PAlb. *tśui̅ < QIE *h3(e)kw-ih1 {1}

Alb. sy(e)j [verb] (g) ‘to look at, attack, assail’ {2} (AE 356)

PIE *h3(o)kw- ‘to see’ (Pok. 775)

Lith. akì ‘both eyes’

Notes: {1} Original dual form. {2} Denominative formation.

shat(ë) {1} [m/f] (tg) ‘heart-shaped hoe, mattock’

PAlb. *śakta̅ < QIE *sək-to/i- (AE 358)

PIE *se̅̅̆k- ‘to cut’ (Pok. 895)

Lat. se̅cula ‘sickle’; sacena ‘pick-axe of the pontifices’

Notes: {1} Pl. shet(-) from Alb. *šati̅̅̆.

shi [m] {1} (tg) ‘rain’

PAlb. *śū- < QIE *s(H)u(H)- (AE 360)

PIE *seuH- ‘juice, moisture?’ (Pok. 912)

Gr. ὕει ‘to rain’; ὕω ‘to rain’

Notes: {1} Singulare tantum.

shkorre(t) {1} [f/m] (tg) ‘bush, shrub’

PAlb. * ̊ke̅r-

Alb. shkozë [f] (tg) ‘{2} woodrush, hornbeam, Carpinus betulus’ (AE 362)

PIE *(s)Ker(H)- ‘?’ _?_ (Pok. 938)

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with -et of the Alb. basis *škor- {2} From Alb. škor-zə.

shpardh(ë) [m/f] (tg) ‘kind of oak, Quercus conferta’

PAlb. *śpar-(δ-) {1} < QIE *(s-)por- (AE 365)

PIE *(s)per- ‘spar, rafter?’ _?_ (Pok. 990)

OHG sparro ‘beam, roof-tree’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with the suffix -dh(ë).

shtatë {1} [num] (tg) ‘seven’

PAlb. *ś(e)pta(-ta̅)

Alb. (i) shtatë [num ord] (tg) ‘seventh’ (AE 370)

PIE *septm̥ ̥́ ‘seven’ (Pok. 909)

Gr. ἑπτά ‘seven’

Skt. saptá ‘seven’

Notes: {1} Under the influence of (i) shtatë ‘seventh’ enlarged with -të.

shul [m] (tg) ‘poles, bolt, cross-bar, yoke, lath’

PAlb. *kśul(V)n-

Alb. sh(i)lor [m] (g) ‘yoke’ {1} (AE 361) _−_

Gr. ξύλον ‘timber, beam’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with the suffix -ór.

shtãnsë [f] (g {2}); shtãzë [f] (t) ‘animal, beast’

PAlb. *śtantśia̅ < QIE *sth2(e)nt-(ieh2) {1}

Alb. shtëzë / shtãzë[f] ‘animal, beast’ (AE 371)

PIE *steh2- ‘to stay, stand, lay, put (on)’ (Pok. 1004)

Notes: {1} Alb. formation from the present participle. {2}Buz.

shteg [m] (tg) ‘foot-way, (foot-)path’

PAlb. *śtaig- < QIE *stoigh-o- (AE 371)

PIE *steigh- ‘to walk, stride, step’ (Pok. 1017)

Gr. στοίχος ‘line, row’

shtërpi(n)j {1} [mnp] (tg) ‘reptiles’

PAlb. *ś(t)ripeni̅̅̆ < QIE *sr̥p-en- (AE 374)

PIE *serp- ‘to creep, crawl’ (Pok. 912)

Notes: {1} Originally the pl. of gjarpër/n (tg) ‘snake’.

gështallë {1} [f] (tg) ‘post, stud, stem, stalk’

PAlb. *śtal- < QIE *stol-

Alb. shtall [verb] (g) ‘to wind up, coil, clew up’ (AE 376)

PIE *stel- ‘set/put (up)’ (Pok. 1019)

Gr. στολίζω ‘to get ready’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with Alb. prefix g(ë)-. {2} Formed on the model of the original

causatives: *śtalei < *stol-eio/e-.

shtalb [m] (g) ‘post, stud’

PAlb. *śtelP- < QIE *stolP- (AE 376)

PIE *stel-p/b(h)- ‘post, stud?’ (Pok. 1020)

MLG stalpen ‘stagnare’

shtjerrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘kid, lamb’

PAlb. *śtera̅

Alb. shterunë [f] (t) ‘young cow’ (AE 376)

PIE *ster(i)- ‘soft, weaken’ (Pok. 1031)

Gr. στει̃ͅρα ‘barren, sterile (cow, woman)’

Skt. stari̥̅́- ‘barren/sterile cow’

Notes: {1} with hardening of the inlaut.

shqerrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘lamb, kid’

PAlb. *(ś-)kera̅

Alb. mëshqerrë [f] (tg) ‘heifer’ {2} (AE 376)

PIE *(s)Ker(H)- ‘to spring, leap?’ _?_ (Pok. 933)

ON skirja ‘young cow’

Notes: {1} Pl. shqerra ‘(herd of) lambs, little goats’. {2} Enlargement with më-.

shurrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘urine, piss’

PAlb. *śur-(na̅) < QIE *sHur-(neh2)śur-(na̅) (AE 380)

PIE *seHur? ‘to piss, make water’ (Pok. 80)

Gr. οὐρέω ‘to piss’

Hitt. se̅ẖur ‘urine’

Notes: {1} The hardening of the inlaut may have expressive reasons.

ni {1} [adv] (tg) ‘now’

PAlb. *nū (AE 381)

PIE *nū̅̆ ‘now’ (Pok. 770)

Lith. nù ‘now’; Skt. nū̥́ ‘now’

Notes: {1} Often occurs in coordination with other particles, cf. tani, nani, nime ‘id’.

tani [adv] (tg) ‘now’

PAlb. *ta ̊ {1}

Alb. tash [adv] (g) ‘now’; tash(t) [adv] (tg) ‘now’ {2}, cf. nani (AE 381)

PIE *to- ‘it’ (Pok. 1086)

Lith. tadà ‘then, thereupon’; Skt. ta-dḁ̅́ ‘then’

Notes: {1} Particle occurring in adverbial compounds. {2} Enlargement with -(t)i.

nani [adv] (t) ‘now’

PAlb. *na ̊ {1}

Alb. nashti [adv] (t) {2} ‘now’, cf. tani (AE 381)

PIE *(h1)no̅̅̆- ‘after, next to/after’ _?_ (Pok. 758)

Luv. nanun ‘now’

Notes: {1} Particle occurring in adverbial compounds. {2} To be analyzed as na-sh-ti.

ter {2} [m] (tg) ‘bull’

PAlb. *taur-

Alb. tarok [m] (g) {3} ‘bullock, neat, ox’ (AE 384)

PIE *ta̅̅̆uro-? {1} ‘bull’ (Pok. 1083)

Gr. ταυ̃ͅρος ‘bull’

Lat. taurus ‘bull’

Notes: {1} Non-IE word. {2} With -a- > -e- from pl. ter- < Alb. *tari̅̅̆. {3} Enlargement with -

ók.

tek [adv, conj] (tg) {1} ‘over there, where’

PAlb. *tai ̊ < QIE *toi-

Alb. te [prep] (tg) ‘ad, apud, prope, versus’ {2} (AE 383)

PIE *to- ‘it’ (Pok. 1086)

Notes: {1} From *te ku (< toi- kwu-) ‘there where’. Also occurs as a prep. (with Nom.

determ.) with the meaning ‘ad, apud, prope, versus’. {2} Governs the nom. determ., due to its

relatively recent use as a prep. and its origin as a shortened form of Alb. *te-k(u).

tetë [num] (tg) {2} ‘eight’

PAlb. *akto̅(-ta̅)

Alb. (i) tetë [num ord] (tg) ‘eighth’ {3} (AE 384)

PIE *(H)oḱteh3 {1} ‘eight’ (Pok. 775)

Gr. ὀκτώ eight:numeral

Notes: {1} Maybe *h3eḱteh3. {2} With -të-enlargement due to the influence of the respective

ordinal numeral and of the other lower numerals. {3} Adjectival formation with the suffix -të

< *-to-.

tëmth / tãmth [m] (g) {1} ‘bile, gall(-bladder)’

PAlb. *tam-(ϑ-) (AE 385) _−_

Lat. tama ‘kind of bumb, swelling’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -th.

ti [pronpers Nomsm/f] {2} (tg) ‘you’

PAlb. *tū < QIE *tuh2 (AE 386)

PIE *tu- ‘you’ (Pok. 1097)

Lat. tū ‘you’

Lith. tù ‘you’

Notes: {1} Further case forms: ty m/fd/a ‘(to) you’, proclitic të ‘id.’ < Alb. *tui̅̅̆, m/fb teje

‘from you’ < *toi- with -je-enlargement from the nominal system.

tre [num m/n] (tg) ‘three’

PAlb. *trei-

Alb. (i) tretë [num ord] (tg) ‘third’ (AE 387)

PIE *trei-es ‘three’ (Pok. 1090)

Lat. tre̅s ‘three’

Skt. tráyas ‘three’

tri {1} [num f] (tg) ‘three’

PAlb. *tri̅(-a̅) (AE 387)

PIE *tri-h2 ‘three’ (Pok. 1090)

Gr. τρία ‘three’

Lat. tria ‘three’

Notes: {1} [tri(:)] > Alb. *tri-ə, a secondary feminine.

trim [m] {1} (tg) ‘young and brave man’

PAlb. *trim- < QIE *tr̥-mo- (AE 389)

PIE *ter- ‘soft, weak, young’ (Pok. 1070)

Arm. t‘arm ‘young, fresh’

Notes: {1} Often occurs unchanged as an adjective.

trikë [f] (g) ‘twig, sprig’

PAlb. *tri/eK-(ś-)

Alb. trish(e) [f] (g) ‘sprout, (young) shoot’; tresh [m] (g) ‘sprout, (young) shoot’ {1} (AE

389) _?_

Gr. τρέχνος, τέρχνος ‘sprout, (young) shoot’

Notes: {1} May also be connected with tri, tre ‘three’

tul [m] (tg) ‘flesh, pulp, crumb’

PAlb. *tull- < QIE *t(H)ul-i/no- (AE 390)

PIE *teu(H)-(lo-) ‘to swell’ (Pok. 1080)

Gr. τύλος ‘torus, wale’

Lat. tullius ‘swell, flood, gush, jet’

thinjë [f] (tg) ‘gray hair’

PAlb. *ϑi̅nia̅ {1} < QIE *ḱih1-ni-

PIE *ḱi(e)h1- ‘dark(-coloured), grey’ (Pok. 541)

OCS sinь ‘darkblue’

Notes: {1} Remade after the class of fem. a̅-stems.

thadër [f] (g) ‘carpenter’s tool (a small double-edged tool with an axe and a chisel

side)’

PAlb. *ϑat(Vr)- < QIE *ḱh3-to/t(e)r-

Alb. këthatër(r) {1} / k(ë)thadër [f] ‘claw, talons (of a bird of prey)’ {2}; gërthat [m] (g)

‘claw, talons (of a bird of prey)’ {3}; krahathadër [m] (g) ‘Accipiter nisus’ {4} (AE 391)

PIE *ḱeh3-(i-) ‘to sharpen, whet’ (Pok. 541)

Lat. catus ‘acutus, acute’

Skt. śitá- ‘whetted, sharp’

Notes: {1} Frequently kthetër with umlaut of the root vowel, which initially arose in pl.

k(ë)thetra. {2} Alb. formation with k(ë)-. The interchange -t- : -d- is dialectally conditioned.

{3} Pl. gërtheta, Alb. formation with gër-. {4} A compound with krah ‘arm, wing’.

thak(ë) {2} [m/n] (tg) ‘awn, beard, pin, peg, tassel, fringe’

PAlb. *ϑak- (AE 393)

PIE *ḱok(w)-(e)h2- {1} ‘bough, branch, twig?’ (Pok. 523)

Lith. šakà ‘bough, twig’; Skt. śḁ̅́kha̅- ‘bough, twig’

Notes: {1} Possibly, non-IE. {2} Pl. thekë with umlaut of the root vowel.

(i) thjellët {1} [adj] (t) ‘clear, serene, fair (weather)’

PAlb. *ϑel(u)- < QIE *ḱelH-(u)o-

Alb. (i) k(ë)thjellë(t) {2} [adj] (tg) ‘clear, serene, fair (weather)’; thëllim {3} [m] (tg) ‘frosen

and clear weather, ice wind, severe cold’ (AE 394)

PIE *ḱelH- ‘to freeze’ (Pok. 551)

Lith. šálti ‘to freeze’

Notes: {1} Formation with -(ë)t(ë). {2} Alb. formation with the prefix k(ë)-. {3} Alb.

formation with the suffix -ím.

(i) thellë [adj] (tg) ‘deep’

PAlb. *ϑauil-

Alb. k(ë)thellë [f] (g) ‘cave, cavity, hole, abyss’; thellësi [f] (g) ‘deepening’ (AE 394)

PIE *ḱouilo- (Pok. 593)

Gr. κοι̃ͅλος ‘hollow’

k(ë)thap {1} [m] (g) ‘hook, claw’

PAlb. *ϑo̅p-, ̊tśap- < QIE *ḱ(o)h3-po-

Alb. thep [m] (tg) ‘peak, point (of the rock, stone), spike’ (AE 395)

PIE *ḱeh3-(i-) ‘to sharpen, whet’ (Pok. 541)

Lat. cippus ‘pale, peak, point’ {2}

Notes: {1} Esp. pl. k(ë)thapë; Alb. formation with the prefix k(ë)-. {2} Indirectly cognate.

thëri {1} [f] (t); thëni [f] (tg) ‘nit, egg of the louse’

PAlb. *ϑaní(-) (AE 397)

PIE *ḱ(o)nid(-) ‘louse, egg of the louse, nit’ (Pok. 608)

Gr. κονίς ‘louse’

Arm. anic ‘louse’

Notes: {1} Frequently thërri with hardening of the vibrant in inlaut for expressive reasons.

thi [m] (tg) ‘pig’

PAlb. *ϑū- {1} (AE 397)

PIE *suH-s ‘pig, hog, swine’ _?_ (Pok. 1038)

Gr. ὗς ‘pig’

Notes: {1} This reconstruction presupposes an ancient regressive, not more precisely

determinable dissimilation of the two s. We cannot exclude the possibility of an ancient loan

from (or a joint source with) Gr. συ̃ς, cf. Alb. thes ’bag’ vs. Gr. σάκκος ‘id’.

thjer(ë) {2} [m/f] (tg) ‘lentil’

PAlb. *(ϑi)ϑer-

Alb. (i) thjermë [adj] (g) ‘ashy’ {3} (AE 398)

PIE *ḱiḱer- {1} ‘pea(s)?’ (Pok. 598)

Gr. κρίος ‘chick-pea’

Arm. siser̄ n ‘chick-pea’

Notes: {1} Non-IE ‘Kulturwort’. {2} Frequently thjerr(ë) with hardened vibrant. {3} Lit.

‘with the colour of lentils’.

udhë [f] (tg) ‘road, way’

PAlb. *uδa̅ < QIE *uǵh-o- (AE 400)

PIE *ueǵh- ‘to move, walk’ (Pok. 1118)

Skt. váhati ‘to drive’

ujë [m/n] (tg) ‘water’

PAlb. *uri- < QIE *(H)uh1r̥(-io-) (AE 401)

PIE *(H)u(e)h1-r- ‘water’ (Pok. 80)

Skt. vḁ̅́r- ‘water’

ulk {1}, ujk [m] (tg) ‘wolf’

PAlb. *ulk(w)- (AE 403)

PIE *ul̥ kw-o- ‘wolf’ (Pok. 1178)

Go. wulfs ‘wolf’; OCS vlъkъ ‘wolf’

Notes: {1} This form occurs only in the oldest literature (Buz.) and in the conservative

dialects of Tosk.

urë [f] (tg) ‘bridge’

PAlb. *ur(u)a̅ (AE 403)

PIE *u(e)r(u)-? ‘bow, doorway?’ _?_

Mess. urios ‘portam’; Osc. veru ‘portam’

Notes: {1} [MdV] One may consider a derivation of PIE *Huer- ‘to cover’.

va [m] (tg) ‘ford, ferry(-boat)’

PAlb. *ua(d) < QIE *uh2dh- (AE 405)

PIE *ueh2dh- ‘to go, walk’ _?_ (Pok. 1109)

Lat. vadum {1} ford

Notes: {1} It is impossible to determine, whether Alb. va is genetically related to Lat. vadum

or a loanword.

vaj [interjection] (tg) ‘woe!, alas!’

PAlb. *uai

Alb. vaj [m] {1} (tg) ‘wailing, weep, lamentation for the dead’ (AE 405)

PIE *uai? ‘woe!, alas!’ (Pok. 1110)

Gr. ὀά ‘woe!, alas!’

Arm. vay ‘pain’

Notes: {1} Pl. vaje f.

valë [f] (tg) ‘wave, billow’

PAlb. *ualla̅ {1} < QIE *uol(H)g- (AE 407)

PIE *uel(H)g- ‘to revolve, turn, twist’ (Pok. 1144)

OE wealca ‘billow’

Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. -a̅-stems.

valë [adv] (tg) ‘hot, boiling’

PAlb. *ualla̅ < QIE *uol(H)-ie/o- (AE 1140)

PIE *uel(H)- ‘(luke)warm’ _?_ (Pok. 1140)

Arm. gol ‘heat’

OHG walo ‘lukewarm’

vãng [m] (g) ‘(b)rim, felloe’

PAlb. *uang- < QIE *uon(H)g-

Alb. vëth / vãth [m] ‘ear-ring’ {1}; vëngëroj {2} / vãngoj {3} [verb] ‘to (have a) squint, squint

at, skew’ (AE 408)

PIE *uen(H)g- ‘to be bent, curved?’ (Pok. 1148)

Lith. vìngis bow, crooking; OHG wanko̅n ‘to shake, totter, stagger’

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -th(ë): Alb. *vang-θ. {2} Denominative formation with -ëró-.

{3} Denominative formation with -ó-.

varr / vorr [m] ‘grave, tomb’

PAlb. *a̅̅̆ur(V)n- (AE 409) _−_ (Pok. 1161)

Go. aurahjons ‘tombs’

varrë [f] (g) ‘wound, tearing’

PAlb. *uar(e)na̅ < QIE *uor(H)-(en-) (AE 410)

PIE *uer(H)- ‘to cut (off), tear’ _?_ (Pok. 1163 {1})

Skt. vraṇá- ‘wound, tearing’; Av. xvara- ‘wound, hurt’

Notes: {1} Or suer- ’to cut, slaughter’, p. 1050.

vatër / votër [f] ‘hearth, fire-place’

PAlb. *a̅t(e)ra̅ {1} (AE 410)

PIE *HeHt(e)r- ‘fire’ (Pok. 69)

Lat. a̅ter ‘black, sombre (blackened by fire)’; a̅trium ‘main hall of a house, containing the

fire’

Av. a̅tarš ‘fire’

Notes: {1} Possibly, an old loanword from Latin.

vath(ë) [m/f] (tg) ‘sheep-fold/pen, cote (fenced area, in which the small cattle is herded

together for the night)’

PAlb. *(a)uaϑa̅ < QIE *h2uos-d(h)- (AE 412)

PIE *h2ues- ‘to dwell, abide, pass/stay the night’ (Pok. 1170)

Skt. va̅sá- ‘sojourn, stay, spending the night’; Skt. próṣṭha- ‘lodging’

veg(ë) [m/f] (tg) ‘handle (of pot), hook, curved handle’

PAlb. *uaiga̅ < QIE *uoiH-(G-)

Alb. vegël [f] (tg) {1} ‘tool, implement’ (AE 412)

PIE *ueiH, ueHi- ‘to revolve, spin, plait’ (Pok. 1120)

Lat. vieo̅ to bend, plait

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -(ë)l.

verë / vẽnë [f] ‘wine’

PAlb. *uaina̅ < QIE *uoiH-n-

Alb. vësht(ë) {1} / vẽsht(ë) {2} [m/f] ‘vineyard’ (AE 414)

PIE *u(e)iH-(o)n- ‘wine’ (Pok. 1121)

Gr. οἷνος wine

Notes: {1} From PAlb. uóin-eśt- beside pl. v(ë)reshta from PAlb. *uoin-éśt-. {2} Pl.

v(ë)neshta.

verr(ë) [m/f] (tg) ‘alder’

PAlb. *uo̅r-, uar(e/i)n-

Alb. vërri / v(ë)rrĩ [f] ‘alder’ (AE 414)

PIE *uer-(e)neh2? ‘alder, poplar’ (Pok. 1169)

Arm. geran ‘trabs, tignum’

Bret. gwern ‘alder’

urrë [f] (tg) ‘sap-wood’

PAlb. *urna̅ < QIE *ur-neh2 (AE 414)

PIE *uer-(e)neh2? ‘alder, poplar’ (Pok. 1169)

vesh {2} [m] (tg) ‘ear’

PAlb. *(a)uaśi̅ < QIE *h2(e)usós-ih1 (AE 415)

PIE *h2eusos ‘ear’ (Pok. 785)

Lat. auris ‘ear’

Lith. ausìs ‘ear’

Notes: {1} Dual form. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel.

vetë {2} [pron] (tg) ‘(one)self’

PAlb. *uai-(t-) < QIE *suoi-(to/i-) (AE 416)

PIE *sue- {1} ‘(one)self, own’ (Pok. 882)

Skt. svayám ‘oneself’; OCS svojь ‘own’

Notes: {1} Pronominal stem of the reflexive pronoun. {2} The final syllable -të may also be

explained as an Alb. enlargement in -të.

u {5} [particle] {1} (tg) ‘oneself’

PAlb. *ue-

Alb. u [pronpers] (tg) {3} ‘I’ (AE 400)

PIE *sue- ‘(one)self, own’ (Pok. 882)

Gr. ἓ ‘oneself’

Notes: {1} Particle for the formation of the Alb. reflexive and passive of the non-present

tempora and modi. {3} Frequently enlarged to unë, which can be explained as a compound

with a pronominal element në < no-.

vëlla [m] (tg) ‘brother’

PAlb. * ̊(e)lau(D) {1} < QIE *h1loudhi- (AE 417)

PIE *h1leudh- ‘rise, shoot up’ _?_ (Pok. 684)

OE le̅od ‘nation, people’; Go. jugga-lauÞs ‘youth, young man’

Notes: {1} Possibly < *uai-láu(d) (< *suoi- h1loudhi-), an old compound with the reflexive

pronoun ve(të) ‘own, self’. The plural stem Alb. *vəɫaz- (> vëllezër / vëllazën) can be derived

phonetically from *laudźi- .

viç [m] (tg) ‘calf (until one year old)’

PAlb. *ueteś- (AE 417)

PIE *uet-es- ‘year’ (Pok. 1175)

Lat. veterinus ‘draught-cattle’

Skt. vatsá ‘calf’

vig [m] (tg) ‘stretcher, litter, bier, transition (consisting of beams)’

PAlb. *uig- (AE 418)

PIE *u(e)i-K- ‘to revolve, turn, twist’ _?_ (Pok. 1130)

OE wice ‘patch’; OIc. vik ‘bight’

vis [m] (tg) ‘place, land, country’

PAlb. *uitśi-(a̅) < QIE *uiḱ(i)i-

Alb. amvisë [f] (g) ‘housewife’; visele [f] (t) {1} ‘cottage, country-house’ (AE 419)

PIE *ueiḱ- ‘house, settlement’ (Pok. 1131)

Gr. οἰκία house

Notes: {1} Enlargement with -le.

vjet {1}, vit {2} [m] (tg) ‘year’

PAlb. *uet-

Alb. vjet [adv] {3} (tg) ‘last year’ (AE 419)

PIE *uetos ‘year’ (Pok. 1175)

Gr. ἔτος ‘year’

Notes: {1} Mostly pl. {2} Mostly sg., originated from the generalization of a weak case form.

{3} Originated from a frozen case of the singular: uet-es-i or uetes.

vito {1} [f] (t) ‘dove’

PAlb. *(a)uit-

Alb. vidë [f] (g) ‘dove’; vit/d [interjection] {2} (g), cf. avdosë (AE 420)

PIE *h2eui-(to-) ‘bird’ (Pok. 86)

Gr. αἰετός ‘eagle’

Bret. houad ‘duck’

Notes: {1} The auslaut derives from an exclamation particle (-)o, which also occurs as a

grammatical characteristic of the Alb. vocative. {2} Call for pigeons.

vjehërr [m] (tg) ‘father-in-law’

PAlb. *ueh(u)Vr-

Alb. vjeh(ë)rrë [f] (tg) {1} ‘mother-in-law’ (AE 422)

PIE *sueḱue/or- ‘father-in-law’ (Pok. 1043)

Gr. ἑκυρός ‘father-in-law’

Skt. śváśura- ‘father-in-law’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the fem. suffix -ë.

vorbull {1} [f] (tg) ‘whirlpool, -wind, vortex, swirl’

PAlb. *ue̅rb- < QIE *ue̅rb(h)-

Alb. vorbë [f] (tg) ‘amphora’ {2} (AE 424)

PIE *uer-b(h)- ‘to revolve, twist, turn (down)’ _?_ (Pok. 1153)

Go. wairpan ‘to throw’

Notes: {1} Beside rare vorbë ’id’; vorbull contains an enlargement -ull(ë). {2} The

connection of this word is disputed. One could also consider a borrowing or a calque from Gr

ἀμφορεύς ‘conic jar with two handles’.

vrap {1} [m] (tg) ‘running, race’

PAlb. * ̊rap- < QIE *(h1)rh1p-, ̊rap-

Alb. vrap [adv] (tg) ‘speedily’ (AE 424)

PIE *(h1)reh1p- ‘to creep?’ _?_ (Pok. 865)

Lat. re̅po̅ ‘to creep’

Latv. rãpt ‘to creep’

Notes: {1} Formation with the intensive-privative prefix v(ë)-.

zë / zã [m] ‘sound, voice’

PAlb. *dźan- (AE 425)

PIE *ǵhuon-o-s ‘sound’ (Pok. 490)

Arm. jayn ‘sound’

OCS zvonъ ‘sound’

(i) zi {1} [adj] (tg) ‘black’

PAlb. *dźi̅̅̆d(i-) (AE 427)

PIE *gwiH-d-, gwHi-d- ‘light-, grey-coloured’ _?_ (Pok. 488)

Gr. φαιός ‘(dark)grey, black’; φαίδιμός ‘brilliant’

Notes: {1} f (e) zezë from *dźidź(i)a̅.

zjarm [m] (tg) ‘fire’

PAlb. *dźerm- < QIE *gwher-mo-

Alb. zjarr [m] (tg) ‘fire, fever’ {1} (AE 429)

PIE *gwher- ‘hot, warm’ (Pok. 493)

Gr. θερμός ‘warm’

Arm. ǰerm ‘warm’

Notes: {1} Unclear formation. One could consider an Alb. suffix change of the type Lat.

formus ‘warm’ : fornus ‘oven’. A different possibility is assimilation to the root *ǵuer(H)- ’to

shine and be hot’, cf Latv. zvêruot ‘to glow’, Skt. jvara- ‘fever’.

zog [m] (tg) ‘bird (for small bird species), young animal, nestling’

PAlb. *dźa̅g- (AE 429)

PIE *ǵ(h)(u)eh2-G- ‘young animal, nestling’ _−_ (Pok. 909)

Arm. jag ‘nestling’

zorrë [f] (tg) ‘bowel, intestine(s)’

PAlb. *dźe̅rna̅ {1} < QIE *gwhe̅r-(?)n- (AE 430)

PIE *gwher- ‘to swallow’ _?_ (Pok. 474)

Notes: {1} The connection with other IE words for ‘intestine(s)’, viz. ǵher-, ǵhor-na̅ (Pok.

443), which is more convincing semantically, can only be upheld if we assume a variant with

a semivowel: ǵhuer-. {2} [MdV] But where would the semivowel come from?

zot {1} [m] (tg) ‘God’

PAlb. *dźie̅u ̊

Alb. zo(n)jë [m] (tg) ‘lady, misstress, patroness’ {2} (AE 431)

PIE *die̅u- ‘sky’ (Pok. 184)

Gr. Zεύς ‘God’

Skt. dyáus ‘sky’

Notes: {1} An old compound for ‘heavenly father’. -t apparently reflects Alb. at(ë) < a(t)ta

‘father’, cf. dyḁ̅́uṣ pitḁ̅́. {2} < Alb. *zotVnia̅.

rrodhe [fns/p] (tg) ‘burr’

PAlb. *ra̅δ- (AE 48)

PIE *ureh2ǵh- {1} ‘thorn’ (Pok. 1180)

Gr. ῥᾱχός ‘sprig, thorn(-bush)’

Notes: {1} Probably, a non-IE word.

urth [m] (tg) ‘ivy’

PAlb. *urδ- < QIE *ur̥ǵh-o- (AE 48)

PIE *uer-ǵh- ‘to turn, twist’ (Pok. 1154)

Lith. viržỹs ‘heath(er), ling’

uri {1} [f] (t); ũ(n) [m] (g) ‘hunger’

PAlb. *un- < QIE *uṇH-o- (AE 51)

PIE *uenH- ‘to love, desire, request’ _?_ (Pok. 1146)

Skt. vánas- ‘request, preference, bias’

Notes: {1} Singulare tantum. Enlargement with the fem. (collective) suffix -í.

ãnkoj [verb] (g); ãngoj [verb] (g) ‘to sigh, groan’

Present: ãnkohem (1sr); Aorist: u ãnkova (1sr); Part.: ãnku(e); Present: ãngohem (1sr); Aorist:

u ãngova (1sr); Part.: ãngu(e)

PAlb. *ank-e̅- {1} < QIE *Honk-(eh1-)

Alb. rënkoj [verb] (t) {2} ‘to sigh, groan’ [Present: rënkoj; Aorist: rënkova; Part.: rënkuar]

(AE 78)

PIE *Henk-, Honk- ‘to sigh, groan’ (Pok. 322)

Gr. ὀγκάομαι ‘to cry, roar’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the suffix -e̅- < -eh1-. {2} Alb. formation with the intensiv

prefix r(ë)-/rr(ë)-.

ap, jap {3} [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to give’

Present: (j)ap, (j)ep (2/3s) {2}

PAlb. *apei- < QIE *h2op-eie- (AE 79)

PIE *h2ep- ‘to reach, get at/to, capture’ (Pok. 50)

Skt. a̅páyati ‘to reach’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, which occurs only in the present and in tempora and modi

derived from the present stem. {2} The form of the 2nd and 3rd person ep points to an ancient

umlaut in the root vowel, possibly Alb. *api̅̅̆. {3} with j-epenthesis possibly after jam ’I am’.

bar {3} [verb] (g) ‘to carry away, bear, endure’

Present: bar; Aorist: barta; Part.: bartë

PAlb. *barei- < QIE *bhor-eie-

Alb. (m)baj [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to carry away, bear, endure’ [Present: (m)baj; Aorist: (m)bajta;

Part.: (m)bajtur / (m)bajtun]; mbaroj [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to complete, end, finish’ [Present:

mbaroj; Aorist: mbarova; Part.: mbaruar / mbaru(e)] (AE 86)

PIE *bher- ‘to carry’ (Pok. 130)

Gr. φορέω ‘to carry’

Notes: {1} < bhor-io- as denominative formation with the intensive prefix (a)n-. {2} Alb.

formation with the verbal suffix -o- < PAlb -e- (< -eh1-).

bëj [verb] (tg) ‘to do, make; appear, make one’s appearance’

Present: bëj / bãj; Aorist: bëra / bãna; Part.: bërë / bã(në)

PAlb. *bani- < QIE *bhh2-nio-; bhh2-no- (part.) (AE 97)

PIE *bheh2- ‘to shine’ (Pok. 104)

Gr. φαίνω ‘to loom, to be seen’

bie {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to carry, bear; bring’

Present: bie

PAlb. *beri- {1} < QIE *bher-io- (AE 99)

PIE *bher- ‘to carry, bear; bring’ (Pok. 128)

Gr. (Hom.) φέρτε ‘to carry, bear; bring’

Lat. fer ‘to carry, bear; bring’

Skt. bhárti ‘to carry, bear; bring’

Notes: {1} Has entered the class of io-verbs after the dissolution of the athematic conjugation.

{2} Suppletive verb, which occurs only in the present and in tempora and modi derived from

the present.

bie {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to fall (down), lay (down); beat’

Present: bie

PAlb. *beri- < QIE *bherH-io- (AE 100)

PIE *bherH- ‘to split; beat’ (Pok. 133)

Lat. ferio̅ to beat, push

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, which occurs only in the present and in tempora and modi

derived from the present.

bij [verb] (tg) ‘to sprout, grow out’

Present: bij / bĩj; Aorist: biva / bĩva; Part.: birë / bĩ(m), bitë

PAlb. *bi̅̅̆ni- < QIE *bhi(H)-nio-; bhi(H)-no/to- (part.)

Alb. mbij [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to sprout, grow out’ [Present: mbij / mbĩj; Aorist: mbiva / mbĩva;

Part.: mbirë / mbĩ]; bimë / bĩm(ë) [f] ‘plant’ {2}, cf. bir, bisht (AE 100)

PIE *bhei(H)- ‘to beat, strike’ (Pok. 117)

OCS bijǫ ‘to beat’

Notes: {1} Intensive formation with the prefix (a)n-. {2} Deverbative formation from Alb.

*bi-ma.

bind / bĩnd [verb] ‘to convince, persuade; amaze’

Present: bind / bĩnd; Aorist: binda / bĩnda; Part.: bindë / bĩndë

PAlb. *bind- < QIE *bhi-n-dh-o- {1}

Alb. bĩnd [m] (g) ‘wonder’; përbindësh / përbĩnd(ë)sh [m] ‘monster’ (AE 101)

PIE *bheidh- ‘to persuade, encourage; constrain’ (Pok. 117)

Gr. πείθω ‘to persuade, convince’

Notes: {1} Original nasal present.

bjerr {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to lose, forfeit’

Present: bjerr; Aorist: bora; Part. bjerrë

PAlb. *ber- < QIE *bher-o-; bhe̅r- (aor.)

Alb. borë [f] (tg) ‘snow’ {1} (AE 104)

PIE *bher- ‘to strew, spread; fall’

Lith. bert̃ͅ i ‘to strew’

Notes: {1} May also have arisen from a contamination with the European word for ‘Northern

wind’ (Gr. βορέας, (Nord)It. bora), cf (dial.) borlë [f] (t) ‘Northern wind’.

blegërin [verb] (tg) ‘to bleat’

Present: blegërin (3s); Aorist: blegëriti (3s); Part.: blegëritë

PAlb. *bleg ̊ {2} < QIE *b(h)le-Gh- (AE 104)

PIE *b(h)le- {1} ‘to bleat’ (Pok. 102)

Gr. βληχάομαι ‘to bleat’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} Enlarged with the suffix -ëró/í- .

bredh [verb] (tg) ‘to spring, jump, hop; roam about’

Present: bredh; Aorist: brodha; Part.: bredhur / bredhë, bredhun

PAlb. *breδ- < QIE *bhred(h)-o-; bhre̅d(h)- (aor.) (AE 108)

PIE *bhred(h)- ‘to wade (in, through)’ (Pok. 164)

Lith. brìsti ‘to wade’; RuCS bresti ‘to wade’

brej [verb] (tg) ‘to gnaw (down), rub, nibble, scratch’

Present: brej; Aorist: brejta, breva; Part.: brejtur / brejt(ë)

PAlb. *brei- < QIE *bhreiH-o- (AE 108)

PIE *bhreiH- ‘to rub, scratch’ (Pok. 166)

Lat. frio̅ ‘to rub, grind, crumble’

RuCS briti ‘to cut, shear’

brij {1} [f] (tg) ‘to rub, scratch’

Present: brij / brĩj

PAlb. *brin(i)- < QIE *bhri-n-(e)H-o-

Alb. brimë [f] (tg) ‘hole’; birë [f] (tg) ‘hole’ {2} (AE 108)

PIE *bhreiH- ‘to rub, scratch’ (Pok. 166)

Skt. bhri̅ṇánti ‘to wound’

Notes: {1} Occurs nearly exclusively in the present. {2} Metathesized from Alb. *briə.

mbruaj {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to knead’

Present: mbruaj / mbru(e)j; Aorist: mbru(a)jta / mbru(e)jta; Part.: mbru(a)jtur / mbru(e)jtë,

mbru(e)jtun

PAlb. *bra̅u- {1} < QIE *bhreh1u-o- (AE 111)

PIE *bhreh1u- ‘to boil up, ferment’ (Pok. 143)

Lat. ferveo̅ ‘to boil (up), bubble’

Notes: {1} From *bre̅u-. {2} Intensive formation with the prefix (a)n-.

buj [verb] (tg) ‘to pass, stay overnight’

Present: buj / bũj; Aorist: bujta / bũjta; Part: bujtur / bũjtë, bũjtun

PAlb. *budn- < QIE *bhudh-no-

Alb. përbũj [verb] (g) ‘to vigil’ [Present: përbũj; Aorist: përbũjta; Part.: përbũjtë] {1} (AE

111)

PIE *bheudh-, root *bhudh ‘to be awake, to observe, watch’ _+_ (Pok. 150)

Lith. bùsti ‘to wake’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix për-.

cys [verb] (tg) ‘to put in motion, stimulate, goad, fury’

Present: cys, cyt (2/3s); Aorist: cyta; Part: cytë

PAlb. * ̊tśiutśi- {2} < QIE *kiu-t-io- {1} (AE 116)

PIE *kei-, ki-(eu-) ‘to put, set in motion; be on the move’ (Pok. 538)

Gr. (Hom.) ἔσσυτο ‘hasted’

Notes: {1} From an original participle *ki-u-to-. {2} Intensive formation with the Alb. prefix

d(ë)-.

ndërsej [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to set on (to do), incite, instigate’

Present: ndërsej; Aorist: ndërseva; Part.: ndërsyer / ndërsy(e)

PAlb. *tśeu- < QIE *kieu-o- (AE 116)

PIE *kei-, ki-(eu-) ‘to put, set in motion; be on the move’ (Pok. 538)

Gr. σεύω ‘to actuate’

Lat. cieo̅ ‘to set in motion’

Notes: {1} Intensive formation with the Alb. prefix ndër-.

çaj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to cut to pieces, to hack’

Present: çaj; Aorist: çava; Part.: çarë / ça(m)

PAlb. * ̊śari- < QIE *sər-io-

Alb. shaj [verb] (tg) ‘to insult, revile, slander’; çart [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to split; kill, put to death’;

shartoj [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to weed (out)’ (AE 116)

PIE *ser- ‘to cut (with a sickle), fall (to bits), hack (to pieces)’ (Pok. 911)

Lat. sario̅ ‘to weed (out)’

Notes: {1} From d(ə)-śaj as an intensive formation with the Alb. prefix d(ë)-. {2} From an

Alb. participle stem in -t(ë). {3} Deverbative formation with -o- < e̅ (< -eh1-).

shkal {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to tread, spur (on the heel)’

Present: shkal (t), shkel {2} (tg), shkel (2s) (tg) {3}; Aorist: shkala (t), shkela (tg); Part.:

shkelur / shkelë, shkelun {4}

PAlb. * ̊kall- < QIE *kol-io-

Alb. shkelm [m] (tg) {5} ‘footstep’; shqelm [m] (tg) ‘footstep’ (AE 118)

PIE *kel- ‘biegen’ _?_ (Pok. 928)

Lat. calco̅ ‘to spur’

Lith. atsikalt̃ͅ i ‘to lean against (upon)’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix sh- {2} with umlaut of the root vowel after the 2nd

and 3d person {3} from Alb. śkalXXX. {4} with umlaut of the root vowel after the 2nd and

3d person< {5} Alb. formation with -m(ë): maybe ̥kalim-.

daj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to divide; cut’

Present: daj; Aorist: dava; Part.: darë / da(m)

PAlb. *dai- < QIE *dh2-eie-

Alb. dalloj [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to separate’ (AE 119)

PIE *deh2-, root *dh2- ‘to divide’ _+_ (Pok. 175)

Skt. dáyate ‘to divide; destroy’

Notes: {1} Frequently in prefixed form ndaj. {2} Alb. formation in -(u)llój.

dal [verb] (tg) ‘to go out, rise; sprout (of seeds), grow (of plants)’

Present: dal, del (2s); Aorist: dolla (t), dola (tg) {1}; Part.: dalë

PAlb. *daln- < QIE *dheh2l-; dhh2l-no- (part.) (AE 120)

PIE *dheh2l- ‘to grow, get on?’ (Pok. 234)

Gr. θάλλω ‘to bloom, grow of plants’

Notes: {1} With secondary palatal -l-.

dars [f] (t) ‘to banquet, dine’

Present: dars(ënj); Aorist: darsa

PAlb. *dartśei- < QIE *dorkw-eie/o- {1}

Alb. da(r)smë [f] (tg) ‘wedding dinner’; dasëm [f] (tg) ‘wedding dinner’, cf. darkë, drekë (AE

123)

PIE *dorkw- ‘meal?’ (Pok. 210)

Gr. δόρπον ‘supper, dinner; evening’

Notes: {1} Old denominative along the pattern of the original causatives.

dej [verb] (tg) ‘to get drunk’

Present: dej, deh {1}, dehem (1sr); Aorist: dejta; Part.: dejtur(ë) / dejtunë

PAlb. *dej < QIE *dhh1-eie- (AE 125)

PIE *dheh1- ‘to suck, drink’ (Pok. 241)

Skt. dháyati ‘to suck’; Latv. dêt ‘to suck’

Notes: {1} Arose secondarily under the influence of the non-active paradigm.

tend [verb] (tg) ‘to stuff, cram; to compress’

Present: dend / tẽnd, dẽnd {1}; Aorist: denda / tẽnda, dẽnda; Part.: dendë / tẽndë, dẽndë

PAlb. *tend- < QIE *tendo- (AE 129)

PIE *ten-d- ‘to distend; draw, strech (out)’ (Pok. 1065)

Lat. tendo̅ ‘to strech (out), strain’

Notes: {1} With assimilation of the anlaut.

dergj- {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to be bedridden, be lying ill, pine away’

Present: dergjem (1sr); Aorist: (u) dergja (1sr); Part.: dergjurë / dergjë, dergjunë

PAlb. *dargei- < QIE *dhorHg(h)-eie- ?? (AE 131)

PIE *dherHg(h)- ‘?’ (Pok. 251)

Lith. dìrgti ‘to feel faint, faint’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel, as usual in the Alb. non-active paradigm.

djerg [verb] (tg) ‘to be lying ill; to fall down’

Present: djerg; Aorist: dorgja; Part.: djergur / djergë

PAlb. *derg- < QIE *dherHg(h)-o-; dhe̅rHg(h)- (aor.) (AE 131)

PIE *dherHg(h)- ‘?’ (Pok. 251)

Lith. dìrgti ‘to feel faint, faint’

di {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to know, be aware; be able’

Present: di; Aorist: dita; Part.: ditë;

PAlb. *di̅- < QIE *dhiH-; dhiH-to- (part.)

Alb. ndiej, ndjej [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to feel, to notice, to observe’ (AE 132)

PIE *dheiH- ‘to observe, perceive; to think out, devise’ (Pok. 243)

Skt. dhi̅tá- ‘thought of’

Notes: {1} Arose analogically from an aor. stem. {2} Alb. enlargement in -e-: Alb. *(a)n-di-

e-.

djeg [verb] (tg) ‘to burn’

Present: djeg, digjem (1sr); Aorist: dogja; Part.: djegur / djegun, djegë

PAlb. *deg- < QIE *dhegwh-o-; dhe̅gwh- (aor.) (AE 138)

PIE *dhegwh- ‘to burn’ (Pok. 240)

Skt. dáhati ‘to burn’

dredh [verb] (tg) ‘to revolve, turn; wind’

Present: dredh; Aorist: drodha; Part.: dredhur / dredhë, dredhun

PAlb. *dre̅̅̆δ- < QIE *dreǵh-o-; dre̅ǵh- (aor.)

Alb. ï = U+00EF (AE 143) (Pok. 258)

Arm. dar̄ nam ‘to turn, revolve’

dridh- {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to tremble, quake, rock’

Present: dridhem (1sr); Aorist: (u) drodha {2}; Part.: dridhur / dridhë, dridhun

PAlb. *dreδ- < QIE *d(h)r-ed(h)-o-; d(h)re̅d(h)- (aor.)? (AE 143)

PIE *d(h)r- ‘to tremble, quake, rock’

Lith. drebù ‘to tremble, quake’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, a reconstruction d(h)r̥d(h)- is also possible. {2} May be explained as a

contamination with dredh, aor. drodha ‘to turn’.

duo {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to want, wish’

Present: dua / du(e); Aorist: desha {2}; Part.: dashur / dashë, dashun

PAlb. *dua̅mm < QIE *dueh2-s-mi; duh2(e)s- (aor.) (AE 149)

PIE *deuh2-(s-) ‘to lack (a thing), to be short of’ _?_ (Pok. 219)

Gr. (Aeol., Hom.) δεύω ‘to lack, want (a thing), to fail’

Notes: {1} Buz. {2} < Alb. *daš- with umlaut of the root vowel.

dhashë {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to give’

Aorist: dhashë {2}; Part.: dhënë / dhãnë

PAlb. *(e)δaś- < QIE *h1e-dh3-(e)s-m̥; (h1e-)dh3s-no- (part.) (AE 154)

PIE *deh3- ‘to give’ (Pok. 154)

Skt. ádiṣi ‘to give’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, occurs only in the non-present paradigm. {2} dhae, dhe (g) arose

analogically after the form of the 2s dhae, dhe < h1e-dh3(e)s-s.

dhemb [verb] (tg) ‘to smart’

Present: dhemb / dhẽm(b) (3s); Aorist: dhembi / dhẽm(b)i (3s); Part.: dhembur / dhembun

PAlb. *δemb- < QIE *ǵembh-o- (AE 156)

PIE *ǵembh- ‘to bite’ (Pok. 369)

Skt. jámbhate ‘to snap’

dhjes [verb] (tg) ‘to shit’

Present: dhjes, dhjet (2/3s); Aorist: dhjeva; Part.: dhjerë / dhi(m) {1}

PAlb. *(d)δetśi- < QIE *ǵh(e̅̅̆)d-(etio-) (AE 161)

PIE *ǵhed- ‘to shit’ (Pok. 423)

Gr. χέζω ‘to shit’

Notes: {1} The aor. and partic. stems have been reshaped according to the existing models in

the Albanian verb system.

flas [verb] (tg) ‘to speak, tell’

Present: flas; Aorist: fola; Part.: folur / folë

PAlb. *śp(e)latśi- {1} < QIE *spel-(otio-); spe̅l- (aor.) (AE 162)

PIE *(s)pel- ‘to call, speak loudly’ (Pok. 985)

Go. spillon ‘to pronounce, announce, tell’

Notes: {1} Enlargement in -(V)tio-.

end [verb] (tg) ‘to ploit, weave’

Present: end / ẽn(d); Aorist: enda / ẽn(d)a; Part.: endur / en(d)un

PAlb. *(h)aunt- < QIE *h2eu-(e)nt- (AE 166)

PIE *h2eu- ‘to ploit, weave’ (Pok. 75)

endem [verb] (tg) ‘to gallivant about a place, gad about’

Present: endem / ẽn(d)em (1sr); Aorist: (u) enda / (u) ẽn(d)a (1sr); Part.: endur / ẽn(d)ë,

ẽn(d)un

PAlb. *ende- < QIE *h1ṇdhe- (AE 167)

PIE *h1(e)ndh- ‘way, to go’

Gr. ἐνθει̃ͅν (aor.) ‘to come’

Skt. ádhvan- ‘way’

ënj [verb] (tg) ‘to swell, inflame’

Present: ë(n)j / ãj; Aorist: ë(n)jta / ãjta; Part.: ë(n)jtur / ãjtë, ãj(t)un

PAlb. *aidn(i)- < QIE *Hoid-n(i)o- (AE 171)

PIE *Hoid- ‘to swell’ (Pok. 774)

Arm. aytnowm ‘to swell’

ftoh {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to cool’

Present: ftoh; Aorist: ftoha; Part.: ftohur / ftohë

PAlb. *tpe̅-(h) {1} < QIE *t(e)p-eh1- (AE 173)

PIE *tep- ‘to be warm?’ (Pok. 1069)

Lat. tepeo̅ ‘to be lukewarm, tepid’

Notes: {1} Rebuilt analogically after the original inchoatives. {2} From a metathesized

preform ptoh.

fshij [verb] (tg) ‘to wipe; sweep’

Present: fshij; Aorist: fshiva; Part.: fshirë / fshi(m)

PAlb. *Pśi̅(i)- < QIE *bhsi(H)-(i)o- (AE 173)

PIE *bhes-, bhes-ei(H)- ‘to rub (off)’ (Pok. 145)

OHG bes(a)mo ‘broom’

gdhend {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to carve, chisel’

Present: gdhend / (g)dhẽn(d); Aorist: gdhenda / (g)dhẽn(d)a; Part.: gdhendur / (g)dhen(d)ë,

(g)dhen(d)un

PAlb. * ̊δend- < QIE *dhen-d(h)/t- (AE 175)

PIE *dhen- ‘to beat, push’ (Pok. 249)

ON detta ‘to fall down’

Notes: {1} With the prefix g(ë)-.

di [verb 3sp] (t) ‘to dawn (daylight)’

Present: di (3s) {1}; Aorist: dijti (3s); Part.: dijturë, dihurë

PAlb. *di̅(i)- < QIE *dih2-(i)o-

Alb. gdhin [verb 3sp] (tg) {2} ‘to dawn (daylight)’; gdhij [verb] (tg) ‘to pass the night

sleeplessly’; (të) gdhitë [n] (t) {3} ‘dawn, early morning’; gdhimë [f] (g) {4} ‘dawn, early

morning’; (të) gdhirë [n] (t) {5} ‘dawn, early morning’ (AE 176)

PIE *deih2- ‘to light, shine’ (Pok. 183)

Gr. δῑνάω ‘to radiate, to shine’

Notes: {1} Esp. in the non-active paradigm dihet (t). {2} With the prefix g(ë)-. {3} Alb.

formation from the participle stem (gV-)di̅t-. {4} From the participle stem (gV-)di̅m-. {5}

From the participle stem (gV-)di̅n-.

gogësij {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to yawn, gape’

Present: gogësij; Aorist: gogësita, gogësiva; Part.: gogësirë / gogësi(m)

PAlb. *ga̅̅̆ga̅̅̆-(ti-) < QIE *gha̅̅̆gha̅̅̆-

Alb. gogëso(n)j [verb] (tg) ‘to yawn, gape’; gugas [verb] (tg) ‘to coo (of doves)’ (AE 179)

PIE *gheh2-(gheh2-) {1} ‘to yawn, gape’ (Pok. 419)

Gr. χάσκω ‘to yawn, gape’

Lith. gagù ‘to cackle’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} From gogës- as a verbal basis for further Alb. verbal

formations.

grish [verb] (tg) ‘to invite, welcome’

Present: grish; Aorist: grisha; Part.: grishurë / grishë, grishunë

PAlb. *griś- < QIE *gwr̥-s- (AE 180)

PIE *gwer-s- ‘to raise one’s voice, lift up a cry; set up a clamour’ (Pok. 478)

Lith. gars̃ͅ as ‘call, sound’

grah [verb] (tg) ‘to incite; bellow, roar; rattle’

Present: grah {1} / Aorist: graha; Part.: grahë

PAlb. *grah < QIE *gwr̥H-ske/o- (AE 180)

PIE *gwer-H- ‘to raise a cry’ (Pok. 478)

Notes: {1} Frequently ngrah with the intensive prefix n-.

ngridhem {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to get angry, exited, be in heat’

Present: ngridhem (1sr); Aorist: (u) ngridh (1sr); Part.: ngridhur / ngridhun

PAlb. *(-)greδ- < QIE *gwredh-

Alb. gërthas [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to cry’ (AE 180)

PIE *gwr-edh- ‘to cry, shout’ (Pok. 478)

Notes: {1} Alb. intensive formation with the prefix n-. The raising of e > i is determined by

Alb. paradigm. {2} From PAlb. griδ-(ati-). Enlarged formation with the Alb. suffix -as/t.

ndal {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to halt, stop’

Present: ndal; Aorist: ndala; Part.: ndalë

PAlb. * ̊dalg- < QIE *dlh1egh-o- {1}

Alb. dalë [adv] (t) ‘slowly’; ngadalë [adv] (tg) {4} ‘slowly’; dale ‘halt!’ [interjection] (t) {3};

ndal [interjection] (tg) ‘halt!’ (AE 120)

PIE *dlh1gh- ‘to halt, to (come to a) stop’ _?_ (Pok. 197)

W. dal ‘to halt’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, dolh1(e)gh-o- is also possible. {2} From -n-dalg- with the Alb.

intensive prefix (a)n- < -h2en. {3} Frozen form of the 2s imperative from the non-prefixed

verbal stem. {4} A compound of dalë with ngah ’run, go (quickly)’.

gjanj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to find’

Present: gjej {2}, gjendem (1sr) {3}; Aorist: gjeta {4}; Part.: gjetë (tg) {5}; gjendur / gjendun

{6}

PAlb. *gadn(i)- < QIE *ghṇd-n(i)o- (AE 185)

PIE *ghe-(n-)d- ‘to catch, grasp’ (Pok. 437)

Lat. prehendo̅ ‘to catch (hold)’

Go. bigitan ‘to find’

Notes: {1}Buz. {2} With raising of the root vowel under the influence of the non-active

paradigm. {3} From the pres.part. ghend-(e)nt-. {4} From the perf. part. ghəd-to-. {5} Original

verbal adjective resp. perf. part. {6} Original pres. part.

gjerb {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to sip, lap’

Present: gjerb; Aorist: gjerba; Part.: gjerbur / gjerbë, gjerbun

PAlb. *śarbei- < QIE *sorbh-eie- (AE 187)

PIE *serbh- ‘to sip, lap’ (Pok. 1001)

Lat. sorbeo̅ ‘to sip, lap’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root.

gjuoj {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to drive (quickly), chase’

Present: gjuaj / gju(e)j; Aorist: gjuajta / gju(e)jta; Part.: gjuajtur / gju(e)jtë

PAlb. *śa̅gn- < QIE *seh2G-no- {1}

Alb. përgjoj [verb] (tg) ‘to listen, eavesdrop’ (AE 191)

PIE *seh2G- ‘to trace (out), track’ (Pok. 876)

Lat. sa̅gio̅ ‘acute sentire, to feel’

Notes: {1} Phonetically, seh2G-mi is also possible. {2}Buz. from *ȥ̌oN.

harr {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to weed (out), prune, rid of branches’

Present: harr; Aorist: harra; Part.: harrë

PAlb. *harei- < QIE *sKor(H)-eie- (AE 196)

PIE *(s)Ker(H)- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 938)

Gr. κείρω ‘to cut’

OIc. skera ‘to cut’

Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄ .

h(j)edh [verb] (tg) ‘to throw; shoot’

Present: h(j)edh; Aorist: hodha; Part.: hedhur / hedhë, hedhun

PAlb. *heδ- < QIE *sKed-o-; sKe̅d- (aor.) (AE 197)

PIE *sKed- ‘to throw; shoot’ _?_

OE sce̅otan ‘to shoot, sling’ {1}

Notes: {1} Related only indirectly.

jam {1} [verb] (tg) ‘(I) am’

Present: 1s. jam, 2s. je {2}, 3s. është / ã(n)shtë {3}{4}

PAlb. *emm < QIE *h1es-mi (AE 207)

PIE *h1es- ‘to be’ (Pok. 340)

Skt. ásmi ‘to be’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, which occurs only in the present and in the tempora and modi

which have been derived from present stem. {2} Beside the conjunctive 2sp (të) jesh < h1es-

s(i). {3} From h2en h1esti. {4} 1s imperfect jeshë < h1es-m.

kall [verb] (tg) ‘to stick (on, into), put (up); thrust; instigate’

Present: kall; Aorist: kalla; Part.: kallurë / kallë, kallunë

PAlb. *kalei- < QIE *kolH-eie-

Alb. këllas [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to stick (on, into), put (up); thrust; instigate’; kalloj [verb] (tg) ‘to

kindle’ (AE 210)

PIE *kelH-< ‘to prick, jab (into); thrust (into)’ (Pok. 545)

Lith. kálti ‘to strike, forge’; Russ. kolótь ‘to prick, jab, hoe, hack’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement in -as.

kam {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to have’

Present: kam

PAlb. *kamp- < QIE *kh2-(e)n-p- {1} (AE 212)

PIE *k(e)h2p- ‘to catch, grasp; seize, get hold of’ (Pok. 527)

Latv. kàmpt ‘to catch, seize’

Notes: {1} Or kh2p-mi?. {2} Suppletive verb, which occurs only in the present and in the

tempora and modi which are based on it. The paradigm of kam has been strongly influenced

by that of jam ‘to be’.

kap [verb] (tg) ‘to catch, grasp; seize, get hold of’

Present: kap; Aorist: kapa; Part.: kapë (tg), kapur / kapun

PAlb. *kap- < QIE *kh2p-(i)o- (AE 212)

PIE *k(e)h2p- ‘to catch, grasp; seize, get hold of’ (Pok. 527)

Gr. κάπτω ‘to snap’

Lat. capio̅ ‘to take, seize’

kep {1} [verb] (g) ‘to hew; chisel; sew, stich’

Present: kep; Aorist: kepa; Part.: kepë

PAlb. *kapei- < QIE *kop(H)-eie-

Alb. shkep [verb] (tg) ‘to hew; chisel; sew, stich’ {2}; qep [verb] (tg) ‘to sew, stich’ (AE 216)

PIE *(s)kep(H)- ‘to cut (off), split’ (Pok. 213)

Gr. κόπτω ‘to strike, cut’

Lith. kapóti ‘to hack, strike, cut’

Notes: {1} Dial. variant of qep, with umlaut. {2} Beside shqep; Alb. formation with the

intensive prefix sh-.

tkurr {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to contract, draw together, shrink up’

Present: tkurr, tkurrem (1sr); Aorist: tkurra, u tkurra (1sr); Part.: tkurrë

PAlb. *kurn- {1} < QIE *kur-no-

Alb. kurriz [m] (tg) ‘back’; k(ë)rrus [verb] (tg) ‘to bend’ {3} (AE 220)

PIE *kur- ‘to turn, bend’ (Pok. 935)

Gr. κυρτός ‘crooked, bent’

Lat. curvus ‘bent, curved’

Notes: {1} Old nominal basis, from which other denominative formations have been derived.

{2} With the Alb. prefix t(ə)-kur̄ . {3} Unclear formation.

korr {2} [m] (tg) ‘to cut with a sicle, to harvest, reap’

Present: korr (tg), kuarr / kuor(r) {3}; Aorist: korra; Part.: korrë

PAlb. *ka̅r- {1} < QIE *kos-ro-

Alb. kuar / ku(e)r [m] ‘measure, suitable moment, time’ {4}; korrë [f] (tg) ‘harvest, crop’ (AE

222)

PIE *Kes- ‘to comb, shear, clip’ _?_ (Pok. 585)

South Slav. kosorъ ‘sicle, scythe’ ??

Notes: {1} < *kasr-; original nominal basis for further denominative formations. {2} With

‘hardening’ of the auslaut. {3}Buz. {4} Deverbative formation. Older Buz. kuor(r).

lag [verb] (tg) ‘to wet, moisten, water’

Present: lag; Aorist: laga; Part.: lagë (tg), lagur / lagun

PAlb. *(u)lag- < QIE *ul̥ Hg- {1}

Alb. lagë [f] (tg) ‘waters’ {2}; l(ë)gatë [f] (tg) {3} ‘morass, bog, puddle, pool’ (AE 229)

PIE *uelK-, uelHK-? ‘wet, moist’ (Pok. 1145)

Lith. vìlgyti ‘to wet, moisten, water’; vìlgti ‘to become moist, wet’; Latv. vil̂gt ‘to become

moist, wet’

Notes: {1} Possibly, original *ulog-. {2} Singulare tantum. {3} Collective formation in -at(ë).

laj [verb] (tg) ‘to wash’

Present: laj; Aorist: lava; Part.: larë / la(m)

PAlb. *lau- < QIE *lou-o-

Alb. lajkë [f] (tg) ‘flatteries’ (AE 230)

PIE *lh3eu- ‘to wash’ (Pok. 692)

Lat. lavo̅ ‘to wash’

leh {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to bark, yap’

Present: leh (2/3s); Aorist: lehu (3s); Part.: lehë (tg), lehur / lehun

PAlb. *lah- < QIE *lh2-ske/o- (AE 235)

PIE *leh2- {1} (Pok. 650)

Gr. λάσκω ‘to cry, roar’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} Occurs almost exclusively in the 2nd and 3d person, the -

a- of which has usually been subject to umlaut.

lej [verb] (tg) ‘to be born, to rise’

Present: lej; Aorist: leva; Part.: lerë / le(m), lenë, letë

PAlb. *(a)lei- < QIE *h2l-ei- (AE 235)

PIE *h2el- ‘to grow, feed, live on’ (Pok. 26)

Lat. alo̅ ‘to nourish, bring up (child)’

Bret. ala ‘to bear, give birth’

lë {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to let, leave (behind), allow, quit’

Present: lë / lã; Aorist: lashë {2} (tg), lae (g), la (2s) {3} (tg); Part.: lënë / lãnë

PAlb. *ladn- < QIE *lh1d-no- (AE 239)

PIE *leh1(i)-d- ‘to leave (behind), let’ (Pok. 666)

Go. letan ‘to let’

Notes: {1} From Alb. laN > laN. {2} Rebuilt after dhashë ‘I gave’. {3} [la(:)], from (Buz.)

lae.

llap {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to sip, lap, swallow, eat greedily’

Present: llap; Aorist: llapë

PAlb. *lap- < QIE *lap-o-

Alb. llup [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to sip, lap, swallow, eat greedily’; lap [verb] ‘to lick (water)’ (tg);

lëpij [verb] (tg) {4} ‘to lick (up)’ (AE 242)

PIE *lh2p-, lap- {1} ‘to lick, lap’ (Pok. 651)

Gr. λάπτω ‘to sip, lap’

Arm. lap‘em ‘to lick’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} With ‘hardening’ of the anlaut for expressive reasons. {3}

From Alb. ɫop (?) < *leh2p-. {4} Rebuilt after pi(j) ‘to drink’.

lidh [verb] (tg) ‘to bind, tie’

Present: lidh; Aorist: lidha; Part.: lidhë (tg), lidhur / lidhun

PAlb. *(e)liδ- < QIE *(h1e-)liǵ- (AE 242)

PIE *leiǵ- ‘to bind, tie’ (Pok. 668)

Lat. ligo̅ ‘to bind, tie’

lind {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to be born, to rise, to arise’

Present: lind; Aorist: linda; Part.: lindë (tg), lindur / lindun

PAlb. *(a)liienT- < QIE *h2l-(e)i-ent- {1} (AE 243)

PIE *h2el- ‘to grow, feed’ _?_ (Pok. 26)

Notes: {1} Possibly, an original present participle. {2} From Alb. lėnT-.

lodh [verb] (tg) ‘to tire, fatigue, harass’

Present: lodh; Aorist: lodha; Part.: lodhë (tg), lodhur / lodhun

PAlb. *le̅δ- < QIE *leh1d-o- (AE 244)

PIE *leh1(i)-d- ‘leave (behind)’ (Pok. 666)

Gr. (Hes.) ληδει̃ͅν . κοπια̃ν

lyp [verb] (tg) ‘to beg, ask alms, plead, coax, need’

Present: lyp; Aorist: lypa; Part.: lypë (tg), lypur / lypun

PAlb. *luPi- < QIE *lubh-io/ei- (AE 248)

PIE *leubh- ‘to crave for, desire, request’ (Pok. 683)

Skt. lúbhyati ‘to feel a strong desire’

lus [verb] (tg) ‘to beg, pray, request’

Present: lus, lut (2/3s); Aorist: luta; Part.: lutë (tg), lutur / lutun

PAlb. *lutśi- < QIE *luT-io- (AE 248)

PIE *leuT- _?_ {1} (Pok. 683)

Lat. laudo̅ ‘to praise’

Go. liuÞon ‘to sing’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} [MdV] I see no onomatopoeic aspect to this root.

maj [verb] (tg) ‘to fatten, fat’

Present: maj (tg), mãj (g), man (2/3s) (tg); Aorist: majta (tg), mana (g); Part.: majtur / majë,

majtun

PAlb. *maϑ(e)n- {1} < QIE *mh2sd-(e)n-, məsd-(e)n-

Alb. majm [verb] (tg) ‘to fatten, fat’ (AE 251)

PIE *mh2sd-, məsd-? ‘to fatten, fat’ _+_ (Pok. 695)

Skt. médana- ‘fattening’

Notes: {1} The basis for further denominative formations.

marr [verb] (tg) ‘to take, set off, receive’

Present: marr; Aorist: mora; Part.: marrë

PAlb. *mar(en)- < QIE *mr̥h2-V/en-; me̅rh2- (aor.) (AE 257)

PIE *merh2- ‘to pack (up)’ _?_ (Pok. 735)

Skt. (prá) mr̥ṇa ‘pack (up)!’ ??

Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The Skt. word belongs to a root meaning ‘to crush’, so that a

connection with Alb. marr seems unlikely. The connection with Greek meíromai < PIE

*smer-, which has been proposed by others, seems more promising; cf. LIV2, p. 570.

mas [verb] (tg) ‘to measure’

Present: mas, mat (2/3s); Aorist: mata; Part.: matë (tg), matur / matun

PAlb. *matśi- < QIE *mh1t-io-

Alb. matë [f] (tg) {1} ‘measure’ (AE 258)

PIE *meh1-(t-) ‘to measure’ (Pok. 703)

Skt. mitá- ‘measured’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. mata̅.

mbledh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to gather, collect, assemble’

Present: mbledh; Aorist: mblodha; Part.: mbledhë (tg), mbledhur / mbledhun

PAlb. * ̊leδ- < QIE *leǵ-o-; le̅ǵ- (aor.)

Alb. zgjedh [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to choose, select, pick’ (AE 261)

PIE *leǵ- ‘to gather, collect, assemble’ (Pok. 658)

Gr. λέγω ‘to gather, collect’

Lat. lego̅ ‘to collect, glean, pick up’

Notes: {1} Prefixed formation with mb(ë)-. {2} Older dial. (t) zg(ë)ledh.

mbush {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to fill, stuff’

Present: mbush; Aorist: mbusha; Part.: mbushë, mbushur, mbushun

PAlb. * ̊bu(n)ś- < QIE *bhu(n)s-o {1} (AE 262)

PIE *bheu-(s-) ‘to blow up, puff out, swell’ (Pok. 101)

Gr. βύνω ‘to cram, clutter’; βύω ‘to cram, clutter’

Notes: {1} Possibly, an original nasal present. {2} Prefixed formation in mb(ë)-.

mbys {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to drown, sink, wreck, throttle’

Present: mbys, mbyt (2/3s); Aorist: mbyta; Part.: mbytë {3} (tg), mbytur / mbytun

PAlb. * ̊pi̅tśi- < QIE *pih3t-io- {1} (AE 262)

PIE *peh3-i- ‘to drink’ (Pok. 840)

Skt. pi̅tá- ‘(having) drunk’

Notes: {1} From *pih3-to-. {2} With the prefix mb(ë)- {3} < *̥pih3-to-.

mek [verb] (tg) ‘to bleat, stammer’

Present: mek, mekem (1sp); Aorist: (u) mek (1sp); Part.: mekë (tg), mekur / mekun

PAlb. *mek-

Alb. mekërij [verb] (t) {2} ‘to bleat’ (AE 264)

PIE *mek-? {1} ‘to bleat’ (Pok. 715)

Lith. meknénti ‘to bleat’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} Deverbative enlargement in -ërí-.

mënd [verb] (tg) ‘to suckle, nurse, to join a suckling young animal with its mother or

with another animal’

Present: mënd / mãj; Aorist: mënda / mana; Part.: mëndur / mã

PAlb. *mand- < QIE *mh2-n-d-, mh2d-(e)nt-

Alb. mëz / mãz [m] ‘foal, filly’ (AE 265)

PIE *meh2d- _?_ (Pok. 694)

Lat. madeo̅ ‘to be humid, imbued with’

Skt. mádati ‘to be drunk’

Notes: {1} From *mh2nd-io- or *mh2d(e)nT-io-.

bluaj [verb] (tg) ‘to grind’

Present: bluaj / blu(e)j; Aorist: blova (tg), bluajta / blu(e)jta; Part.: bluar / blu(e)

PAlb. *mle̅(n-) < QIE *mleh1-(no-) {1} (AE 268)

PIE *melh1- ‘to crush, grind’ (Pok. 716)

OCS mlětь ‘to grind’

Notes: {1} *mleh1u-o- is also possible.

mjel [verb] (tg) ‘to milk’

Present: mjel; Aorist: mola; Part.: mjelë (tg), mjelur / mjelun

PAlb. *(a)mell- < QIE *h2melǵ-o; h2me̅lǵ- (aor.) {1} (AE 273)

PIE *h2melǵ- ‘to milk’ (Pok. 722)

Gr. ἀμέλγω ‘to milk’

Notes: {1} [MdV} The absence of any reflex of *ǵ is problematic.

mund [verb] (tg) ‘can, may, have power, defeat’

Present: mund / mun(i) {1}; Aorist: munda / muna; Part.: mundur / munë

PAlb. *ma̅K(e)nT- {2} < QIE *meh2K-(e)nt- (AE 281)

PIE *meh2K- ‘can, to be able (to do)’ (Pok. 695)

Lith. moké̥ ti ‘to be able’; Go. magan ‘to be able, have power’; OCS mogǫ ‘to be able’

Notes: {1} Buz., Budi mund. {2}[MdV] The assumption that the velar consonant would

disappear in this position is not supported by other evidence.

ndej {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to strech (out)’

Present: ndej / ndẽj; Aorist: ndẽjta (g), ndeva (tg), ndera / ndẽna; Part.: nderë / ndẽjtun,

ndẽ(m)

PAlb. * ̊teni- < QIE *ten-io- (AE 284)

PIE *ten- ‘to hammer out, strech (out)’ (Pok. 1065)

Gr. τείνω ‘to strech out’

Notes: {1} With the prefix (a)n-.

ndez {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to light, kindle’

Present: ndez; Aorist: ndeza; Part.: ndezë (tg), ndezur / ndezun

PAlb. * ̊dadźei < QIE *dhogwh-eie-

Alb. dhez [verb] (tg) ‘to light, kindle’ {2} (AE 286)

PIE *dhegwh- ‘to burn’ (Pok. 240)

Skt. da̅háyati ‘to light, kindle’

Notes: {1} With the prefix (a)n-. {2} Possibly, from Alb. *və-dez with the prefix v(ë)-.

ndjek {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to run after, follow, pursue, dog’

Present: ndjek; Aorist: ndoqa; Part.: ndjekur / ndjekë, ndjekun

PAlb. * ̊tek- < QIE *tek(w)-o-; ̊te̅k(w)- (aor.) (AE 288)

PIE *tek(w)- ‘to run’ (Pok. 1059)

Lith. teké̥ ti ‘to run, flow’; Skt. tákti ‘to hasten’

Notes: {1} Prefixed formation in (a)n-.

ndoh {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to make dirty, spoil, pollute’

Present: ndoh, ndo(h)t (t) {3}; Aorist: ndoha, ndo(h)ta (t); Part.: ndohtël, ndo(h)tur (t)

PAlb. * ̊de̅-(h) < QIE *ǵhed-eh1- {1}

Alb. ndo(h)t [adv] {4} (t) ‘odiously, bad’ (AE 290)

PIE *ǵhed- ‘to shit’ (Pok. 423)

Notes: {1} Alb. formation. {2} Intensive formation with the prefix (a)n-. {3} Occurs in Gheg

only in the oldest literature. {4} Only attested in certain expressions.

nduk {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to draw (out), pull up, pluck’

Present: nduk; Aorist: nduka; Part.: ndukur / ndukë, ndukun

PAlb. * ̊duk- < QIE *duk

Alb. zhduk [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to hide, conceal, bump off’ (AE 291)

PIE *deuk- ‘to draw’ (Pok. 220)

Go. tiuhan ‘to draw’

Notes: {1} Intensive formation with the Alb. prefix (a)n-. {2} Alb. formation with the

privative prefix zh/xh/ç-.

ngah {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to run, haste(n), come off’

Present: ngah; Aorist: ngaha; Part.: ngahur / nga(m)

PAlb. *ga-h < QIE *gwm̥-ske/o- (AE 295)

PIE *gwem- ‘to go, come’ (Pok. 463)

Gr. βάσκε ‘go!’

Skt. gácchati ‘to go’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the intensive prefix (a)n-.

ngre {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to rise (from the ground), raise, build up’

Present: ngre; Aorist: ngrita {2}; Part.: ngritë (tg), ngritur / ngritun

PAlb. * ̊kre(i/h)- < QIE *ḱreh1-(i/o/sḱo-); ̊ḱr(h1)i(h1)-to- (part.)

Alb. ngreh [verb] (tg) ‘to set, raise, build up’ [Present: ngreh; Aorist: ngreha; Part.: ngrehë

(tg), ngrehur / ngrehun]; shkreh [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to cancel, discharge, fire (a gun)’ (AE 296)

PIE *ḱerh1-, ḱreh1- ‘to grow (up)’ (Pok. 577)

Lat. cre̅sco̅ ‘to grow’; creo̅ ‘to create’

Notes: {1} Prefixed with Alb. (a)n-. {2} From the participle stem. {3} Alb. formation with

the prefix sh-.

hëngra {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to eat’

Aorist: hëngra / hãngra; Part.: ngrënë / ngrãnë, hãngër {2}

PAlb. * ̊gur- < QIE *gwr̥H-; gwr̥H-no- (part.)

Alb. ãngurrë [f] (g) ‘bowels, entrails, viscera’; gurmaz [m] (tg) ‘gullet, larynx, pharynx’ (AE

297)

PIE *gwerH- ‘to swallow’ (Pok. 474)

Skt. giráti ‘to swallow’

Notes: {1} From Alb. ha-n-gura: suppletive verb, which occurs only in the aorist, the

participle and in the tempora and modi based on these stems. {2} From the aorist stem.

ngroh [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to warm, heat’

Present: ngroh; Aorist: ngroha; Part.: ngrohur / ngrohë, ngrohun

PAlb. * ̊gre̅-(h) < QIE *gwhr-eh1- (AE 298)

PIE *gwher- ‘warm, hot’ (Pok. 493)

OCS grěti ‘to warm’

Notes: {1} The form may have entered the class of Alb. inchoatives in -sk-. The anlaut points

to an Alb. formation with the prefix (a)n-.

gjesh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to gird’

Present: (n)gjesh; Aorist: (n)gjesha; Part.: (n)gjeshur / (n)gjeshë, (n)gjeshun

PAlb. *(V)io̅ś- (AE 299)

PIE *Hieh3s- ‘to gird’ (Pok. 513)

Gr. ζώvvυμι ‘to gird’

OCS po-jasati ‘to gird’

Notes: {1} Frequently occurs with the intensive prefix Alb. (a)n-.

ngjesh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to press on, compress, knead (dough)’

Present: ngjesh; Aorist: ngjesha; Part.: ngjeshur / ngjeshë, ngjeshun

PAlb. * ̊gneś- < QIE *gne(u)s- (AE 300)

PIE *gen- ‘to compress’ (Pok. 370)

OCS gnesti ‘to press on’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the intensive prefix (a)n-.

ngjirem {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to hoarsen’

Present: ngjir(r)em (1sr) {2}, qirrem, (g) kirrem {3} (g); Aorist: (u) ngjir(r)a (1sr); Part.:

ngjir(r)ur / ngjir(r)ë, ngjir(r)un

PAlb. * ̊ker- < QIE *Ker-

Alb. çjerr [verb] (tg) {4} ‘to hoarsen, to get hoarsened’ (AE 300)

PIE *(s)Ker- {5} (Pok. 567)

Lat. cro̅cio̅ ‘to croak’

Notes: {1) Alb. formation with the prefix (a)n-. {2} With ‘hardening’ of the vibrant for

expressive reasons. {3} Non-prefixed form. {4} From Alb. d(ə)-Ker-. {5} Onomatopoeic root

for coarse, sharp tones.

nxjerr {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to draw/pull out, bring forth, throw out’

Present: nxjerr {2}; Aorist: nxorra; Part.: nxjerrë

PAlb. * ̊ϑer- {3} < QIE *ḱer-o-; ḱe̅r- (aor.) (AE 303)

PIE *ḱer(h1)- ‘to grow (on)’ (Pok. 577)

Arm. serem ‘to bring forth’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the intensive prefix (a)n-. {2} With ‘hardening’ of the stem

auslaut. {3} [MdV] This etymology does not account for nx-, cf. AE 304: PIE *k-́ normally

yields th-, which does not further palatalize to *s-.

njoh [verb] (tg) ‘to know, recognize’

Present: njoh, njeh (2/3s); Aorist: njoha; Part.: njohë (tg), njohur / njohun

PAlb. *gno̅̅̆h < QIE *ǵneh3-ske/o- (AE 305)

PIE *ǵenh3-, ǵneh3- ‘to know’ (Pok. 376)

Lat. (g)no̅sco̅ ‘to know, recognize’

pashë {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to watch, look (at), observe’

Aorist: pashë, pae (2s) {2}, pe (2s) {3}, pa; Part. parë / panë {4}, patë, pa(m)

PAlb. *pa ̊ < QIE *pH ̊; pH-to/no- (ptc.) (AE 314)

PIE *peH2-(i-) ‘to herd, watch over’ _?_ (Pok. 839)

Skt. pḁ̅́ti- ‘to herd, watch (over)’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, which occurs in the participle and the aorist and as in the tempora

and modi derived from these stems. {2} Buz. and the dialects of Greece and South Italy. {3}

[pe:] from Alb. (Buz.) pae. {4}Buz.

pata {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to have, to be in possession of smth.’

Aorist: pata; Part.: pasur / pasë

PAlb. *pat(i)- < QIE *poti-; potio- (part.)

Alb. pasë [f] (tg) {2} ‘property, possession, tenure’ (AE 313)

PIE *poti-o- ‘to be in possession of smth.’ (Pok. 842)

Lat. potior ‘to have a share in, take possession of’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, which occurs in the participle and the aorist, as well as in the

tempora and modi derived from these stems. {2} From patśia̅.

(për)kul {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to bend, crouch, bow’

Present: përkul (tg), kulet (3sr/p) (g); Aorist: përkula; Part.: përkulë (tg), përkulur / përkulun

PAlb. * ̊kull- < QIE *kwl̥ -io/no- (AE 317)

PIE *kwel- ‘to revolve, twist’ (Pok. 639)

Notes: {1} Occurs almost exclusively in prefixed form.

ul [verb] (tg) ‘to get down, bring down’

Present: ul; Aorist: ula; Part.: ulë (tg), ulur / ulun

PAlb. *ull- < QIE *ul̥ -io- (AE 317)

PIE *uel- ‘to revolve, twist’ (Pok. 1140)

përtyp {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to chew, masticate’

Present: përtyp; Aorist: përtypa; Part.: përtypur / përtypë, përtypun

PAlb. * ̊tupi- < QIE *tup-io/ei-

Alb. shtyp [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to compress, crush, squash’ (AE 317)

PIE *(s)teu-p- ‘to push, beat’ (Pok. 1034)

Gr. τύππω ‘to strike, beat’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix për-. The root vowel has undergone umlaut. {2}

Alb. formation with the prefix sh-.

pi [verb] (tg) ‘to drink’

Present: pi; Aorist: piva; Part.: pirë / pitë, pi(m), pinë {1}

PAlb. *pib- < QIE *pi-ph3-o (AE 318)

PIE *peh3(i-) ‘to drink’ (Pok. 839)

Lat. bibo̅ ‘to drink’

Skt. píbati ‘to drink’

Notes: {1} Buz.

pjek [verb] (tg) ‘to bake, roast’

Present: pjek; Aorist: poqa; Part.: pjekur / pjekë, pjekun

PAlb. *pek- < QIE *pekw-o-; pe̅kw- (aor.)

Alb. ã (AE 322)

PIE *pekw- ‘to cook’ (Pok. 798)

Skt. pácati ‘to roast’

pjell [verb] (tg) ‘to bring forth young (beasts), cub, whelp, calve, foal’

Present: pjell; Aorist: polla; Part.: pjellë (tg), pjellur / pjellun;

PAlb. *pel- < QIE *pel(H)-o-; pe̅l(H)- (aor.)

Alb. mbjell [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to sow, plant’ (AE 322)

PIE *pel(H)- ‘to push’ (Pok. 801)

Lat. pello̅ ‘to push’

Notes: {1} With the prefix (a)n-.

pjerdh [verb] (tg) ‘to fart, poop’

Present: pjerdh; Aorist: pordha; Part.: pjerdhë (tg), pjerdhur / pjerdhun

PAlb. *perδ- < QIE *perd-o-; pe̅rd- (aor.)

Alb. pordhë [f] (tg) {1} ‘fart, wind’ (AE 323)

PIE *perd- ‘to fart, poop’ (Pok. 819)

Gr. πέρδω ‘to fart, poop’

Skt. párdate ‘to fart, poop’

Notes: {1} Deverbative formation from PAlb pe̅rδa̅.

plah [m] (g) ‘to cover (over)’

Present: plah/f; Aorist: plaha; Part.: plahë

PAlb. *plah- < QIE *pl̥ H-ske/o-

Alb. plaf/h [m] (tg) ‘bed cover, (woollen) blanket’; pëlhurë [f] (tg) {1} ‘woven/linen fabric,

texture’ (AE 323)

PIE *pel-(H/ḱ-) ‘to cover, mask, hide’ (Pok. 803)

Go. filhan ‘to hide’; ON fela ‘to hide’

Notes: {1} Buz. plehurë.

plas [verb] (tg) ‘to crack, burst, break through’

Present: plas; Aorist: plasa; Part.: plasur / plasë, plasun

PAlb. *platśi- < QIE *pl̥ h1ḱ-io- {1}

Alb. pël(l)cas [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to crack, burst, break through’; plasë [f] (tg) {3} ‘chasm,

crack’; ples [f] (g) {4} ‘genitals of the she-mule’ (AE 324)

PIE *pleh1ḱ- ‘to tear, rend’ (Pok. 835)

Lith. plé̥ šti ‘to burst, crack’; Latv. plêst ‘to tear’

Notes: {1} Alb. denominative formation. {2} From pl̥ h1ḱ-(-as), Alb. enlargement in -as. {3}

Possibly, from PAlb. *platśia̅. {4} With umlaut of the root vowel.

prej [verb] (tg) ‘to hew, cut, chop’

Present: prej; Aorist: preva; Part.: prerë / pre(m), prenë

PAlb. *prei- < QIE *pr-ei-

Alb. pres [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to cut’ (AE 332)

PIE *per- ‘to strike, beat’ _?_ (Pok. 818)

Lith. pert̃ͅ i ‘to strike, beat, to hit’

Notes: {1} From Alb. *pre- as an enlargement after the Alb. verbs in -(a)s.

prish [verb] (tg) ‘to destroy’

Present: prish; Aorist: prisha; Part.: prishur / prishë, prishun

PAlb. *priś- < QIE *pr-(e)s- (AE 333)

PIE *per- ‘to strike, beat’ (Pok. 818)

Lat. premo̅ {1} ‘to press on’

Arm. hari {2} ‘to strike, beat’

Notes: {1} The "aor." stem pressi. {2} Aor.

prura {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to bring (along), lead (up/forward)’

Aorist: prura / pruna; Part.: prurë / pru(m), prunë

PAlb. *p(e)re̅-(n-) < QIE *p(e)r-eh1- {1} (AE 334)

PIE *per- ‘to bear, lead across’ (Pok. 816)

Gr. περάω ‘to penetrate, pierce’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation. {2} From Alb. pron-; suppletive verb, occurring in aorist and (its)

part. as well as in the tempora and modi built on those stems.

puth [verb] (tg) ‘to kiss’

Present: puth; Aorist: putha; Part.: puthur / puthë, puthun

PAlb. *puϑ- {2} < QIE *b(h)us-d(h)- (AE 336)

PIE *b(h)u(s)- {1} ‘lip, kiss’ (Pok. 103)

MoHG {3} bussen ‘to kiss’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} With dissimilated anlaut. {3} Bav., Tyr.

kla(n)j [verb] (tg) ‘to cry, weep, shed tears, sob’

Present: kla(n)j (tg) {1}, qaj (t); Aorist: klava, qava; Part.: klarë, qarë / klanë {2}, klatë {2},

qa(m)

PAlb. *klai- < QIE *kl(e)h2-io- (AE 337)

PIE *kelh2- ‘to cry’ (Pok. 548)

Gr. κλαίω {3} ‘to weep, sob’

Notes: {1} In the oldest Gheg literature and dialectal Tosk. {2} Buz. {3} Only indirectly

cognate.

qall [verb] (t) ‘to mock, scoff’

Present: qall(ënj), qall (2/3s); Aorist: qalla; Part.: qallurë

PAlb. *ki(i)al- < QIE *ki(i)-ol-, kih2-e/ol- {2}

Alb. qell [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to lead (forward), conduct, take away, throw’ (AE 338)

PIE *kei-(h2)- ‘to put, set in motion’ (Pok. 538)

Notes: {1} Possibly, an original nominal formation. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel.

qas [verb] (tg) ‘to approach, draw near, receive (at home), go away’

Present: qas; Aorist: qasa; Part.: qasur / qasë, qasun

PAlb. *ki(i)atśi- < QIE *kih2(e)t-io- (AE 339)

PIE *kei-(h2-) ‘to put, set in motion’ (Pok. 538)

Gr. (Hes.) κίατο . ἐκινει̃το

qeth {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to cut (hair)’

Present: qeth; Aorist: qetha; Part.: qethur / qethë, qethun

PAlb. *kaiδ- < QIE *kh2eid-, keh2id- (AE 340)

PIE *(s)k(e)h2ei-d/t- (Pok. 917)

Lat. caedo̅ ‘to cut, hew, lop, fell’

Skt. khidáti ‘to tear, press’

Notes: {1} With assimilation of the stem auslaut.

kij [verb] (g) ‘to cut, hew, weed’

Present: kij; Aorist: kiva; Part.: ki(m)

PAlb. *ki̅̅̆- < QIE *kh2iio-

Alb. qij [verb] (tg) ‘to cut, hew, fuck’ (AE 340)

PIE *(s)keh2i-, (s)keih2- ‘to beat, cuff, poke’ (Pok. 917)

Lat. caio̅ ‘to cut, hew’

qoj [verb] (g) ‘to wake up, arouse, stir up’

Present: qoj; Aorist: qova; Part.: qu(e), quem

PAlb. *kiie̅- < QIE *ki(i)-eh1-

Alb. çoj [verb] (tg) ‘to awaken, send, carry on, dispatch, stir up’ {1} (AE 340)

PIE *kei- ‘to put, set in motion’ (Pok. 538)

Lat. cieo̅ ‘to put, set in motion’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix t/d(ë)-.

ra ̊ {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to fall (down), go (down), tumble, drop, strike, hit’

Aorist: rashë (t), rae (g) {2}, re (2s) {3}, ra (3s) (tg); Part.: rënë / ra(m), ratë

PAlb. *(a)rau-(ś-) < QIE *h3rou-(s-)

Alb. resh [verb 3sp] (tg) ‘to fall (of rain, snow, etc.)’ (AE 343)

PIE *h3rou-(s-) ‘to haste(n), rush (at)?’ (Pok. 331)

Gr. ὀρούω ‘to plunge into, to dash, run (at)’

Notes: {1} Suppletive verb, occurring in the aorist and the participle and in the tempora and

modi built on those stems {2} Buz. {3} [re:], contracted from older (Buz.) rae.

kluoj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to call, name’

Present: kluoj / kluanj / quaj / qu(e)j; Aorist: kluojta / kluajta / quajta / qu(e)jta; Part.:

kluojtunë / kluajturë / quajtur / qu(e)jtun ??

PAlb. *kluue̅- < QIE *ḱlu(H)-eh1- (AE 342)

PIE *ḱleu(H)- ‘to hear’ (Pok. 605)

Lat. clueo̅ ‘to call, name’

Notes: {1} Buz.

regj [verb] (tg) ‘to tan (hides), salt’

Present: regj; Aorist: regja; Part.: regjë (tg), regjur / regjun

PAlb. *(e)reug- < QIE *h1reug- (AE 345)

PIE *h1reu-g- ‘to retch, vomit’ (Pok. 871)

Gr. ἐρεύγομαι ‘to belch, gurk’

rĩ [verb] (g) ‘to moisten, wet’

Present: rĩj, rihem (1sr); Aorist: rĩni (3s); Part.: rĩ, rĩtu(e)

PAlb. *(V)rin(i)- < QIE *Hri-n(i)o- (AE 346)

PIE *Hrei(H)- ‘to flow’ _?_ (Pok. 330)

Skt. riṇḁ̅́ti ‘to let flow’

rjep [verb] (tg) ‘to flay, skin, peel off, pluck’

Present: rjep; Aorist: ropa; Part.: rjepë (tg), rjepur / rjepun

PAlb. *(e)rep- < QIE *h1rep-o-; h1re̅p- (aor.) (AE 346)

PIE *h1rep- ‘to wrench, strain at, snatch’ (Pok. 865)

Gr. ἐρέπτομαι ‘to pluck’

Lat. rapio̅ ‘to rob, snatch’

ruoj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to watch (over), observe, guard’

Present: ruaj / ruoj, ru(e)j; Aorist: ruajta / ruojta, ru(e)jta; Part.: ruajtur / ruojtunë, ru(e)jtun

PAlb. *(a)ru(u)e̅- < QIE *h2ru-eh1- (AE 347)

PIE *h2reu- ‘to get light, brighten’

Arm. arev ‘sun’

Notes: {1} Buz.

rrah [verb] (tg) ‘to strike, beat, cut down’

Present: rrah; Aorist: rraha; Part.: rrahë (tg), rrahur / rrahun

PAlb. *rah- < QIE *ur̥h1ǵ(h)-ske/o- (AE 348)

PIE *ureh1ǵ(h)- ‘to strike, beat’ (Pok. 1181)

rras [verb] (tg) ‘to compress, stuff’

Present: rras; Aorist: rrasa; Part.: rrasur / rrasë, rrasun

PAlb. *raT(ś)i- < QIE *ur̥h1ǵ(h)-io-

Alb. rrëzoj [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to pull, throw, cut down’ (AE 348)

PIE *ureh1ǵ(h)- ‘to strike, beat’ (Pok. 1181)

Gr. ῥάττω {2} ‘to strike, beat’

Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement in -ó-. {2} Only indirectly cognate.

rrjedh [verb] (tg) ‘to flow, stream’

Present: rrjedh; Aorist: rrodha; Part.: rrjedhë (tg), rrjedhur / rrjedhun

PAlb. *reδ- < QIE *sred(h)-o-; sre̅d(h)- (aor.) (AE 352)

PIE *sr-ed(h)- {1} ‘to whirl, bubble, stream’ (Pok. 1001)

Gr. ῥέω {2} ‘to flow, stream’

Notes: {1} Enlargement of ser- ‘to flow’, Pok. 909. {2} Only indirectly cognate.

rri {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to sit down, stand, stay’

Present: rri

PAlb. * ̊ri- < QIE *Hr-i-

Alb. rris [verb] (tg) ‘to bring up (children), grow up, overgrow’ {2} [Present: rris, rrit (2/3s);

Aorist: rrita; Part.: rritë (tg), rritur / rritun]; rroj [verb] (tg) ‘to live, exist, last’ {3} [Present:

rroj; Aorist {4}: rrova, rrojta; Part.: rruar / rru(e)] (AE 353)

PIE *Hr-ei/eh1- ‘to set/put in motion’ _?_ (Pok. 326)

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix (a)n-. Suppletive verb, occurring only in the present

and in tempora and modi derived from the present. {2} PAlb. *̥ritśi- < qIE *Hri-tio-. An Alb.

formation, maybe from an original participle stem Hri-to-. {3} < PAlb. *̥re̅- < qIE *Hreh1-.

Alb. formation with the prefix (a)n-. {4} Rare.

sjell [verb] (tg) ‘to bring, turn, dawdle’

Present: sjell; Aorist: solla; Part.: sjellë (tg), sjellur / sjellun

PAlb. *tšel- < QIE *kwel-o-; kwe̅l- (aor.) (AE 354)

PIE *kwel- ‘to turn, twist’ (Pok. 639)

Gr. πέλω ‘to be in motion’

shkrep {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to flash, tone, to strike (till sparks fly off), an idea comes to

one’s mind’

Present: shkrep; Aorist: shkrepa; Part.: shkrepë (tg), shkrepur / shkrepun

PAlb. * ̊krep- < QIE *krep- (AE 362)

PIE *ker-p-, krep- {1} ‘to crack, crash’ (Pok. 569)

Lat. crepo̅ ‘to resound, ring, tone’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root. {2} With the prefix sh-.

shosh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to sift, riddle’

Present: shosh; Aorist: shosha; Part.: shoshë (tg), shoshur / shoshun

PAlb. *śe̅ś- < QIE *seh1-sh1(i)o-

Alb. shoshë [f] (tg) ‘sieve, riddle’ (AE 364)

PIE *seh1i- ‘to sift, riddle’ _?_ (Pok. 889)

Gr. (Delph.) σᾳ̃σις ‘sieve’ {2}

Notes: {1} sh- < ś- by regressive assimiliation with the second -ś- of the next syllable. {2} It

cannot be excluded that we are dealing with a Gr. loanword.

pall {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to cry, hee-haw’

Present: pall; Aorist: palla; Part.: pallë (tg), pallur / pallun

PAlb. *palei- < QIE *pol-eie-

Alb. shpall [verb] (tg) ‘to announce, proclaim, declare’ {1} (AE 365)

PIE *(s)pel- ‘to speak with a loud voice’ (Pok. 985)

Go. spillon ‘to proclaim’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix sh-.

shpie {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to carry (on), bear, send, lead (across)’

Present: shpie; Aorist: shpura / shpuna {2}; Part.: shpurë, shpënë / shpu(e), shpum {2}

PAlb. * ̊peri- < QIE *per-io- (AE 366)

PIE *per- ‘to bear, lead across, penetrate’ (Pok. 816)

Gr. πείρω ‘to get through, pierce’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix sh-. {2} Reformed analogically after prura ‘id’.

shpoj {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to pierce, prick’

Present: shpoj; Aorist: shpova; Part.: shpuar / shpu(e), shpum

PAlb. * p̊ e̅ri- < QIE *pe̅r-io- (AE 367)

PIE *per- ‘to bear, lead across, penetrate’ (Pok. 816)

Gr. πείρω ‘to get through, pierce’

Notes: {1} With the prefix sh-.

shqerr {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to tear up, excoriate, castrate’

Present: shqerr; Aorist: shqora; Part.: shqerrë

PAlb. * ̊ker- < QIE *ker-o; ke̅r- (AE 369)

PIE *(s)Ker(H)- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 938)

Gr. κείρω ‘to cut (off), shear’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix sh-.

thërras {2} [verb] (tg) ‘to cry’

Present: th(ë)rras; Aorist: thirra; Part.: thirrë

PAlb. *ϑer- < QIE *ḱer-

Alb. çjerr [verb] (tg) {3} ‘to hoarsen’ (AE 369)

PIE *(s)Ker- {1} ‘to cry with a hoarse voice’ (Pok. 567)

Skt. śḁ̅́ri- ‘kind of bird, Prädigerkrähe’

Notes: {1} Onomatopoeic root for hoarse, sharp tones. {2} Has entered the conjugation of the

verbs in -(V)tio-. {3} With the prefix d/t(ə)-.

shtirem [verb] (tg) ‘to feign, simulate’

Present: shtirem (1sr); Aorist: (u) shtira (1sr); Part.: shtirë

PAlb. *śter- < QIE *sterh3-o-

Alb. shtie [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to put in/on, throw, shut’; shtir [verb] (g) {2} ‘to pass over (the

river)’ (AE 374)

PIE *ster(h3)- ‘to spread, scatter, bring down’ (Pok. 1029)

Av. star- ‘to spread’

Notes: {1} From PAlb. śteri-, an Alb. formation possibly after bie ‘to strike, beat, fall’. {2}

Dialectally restricted lexicalisation with transitive meaning of the Alb. basis shtir-.

shtjell [verb] (tg) ‘to wind up, develop, sling, loosen’

Present: shtjell; Aorist: shtolla; Part.: shtjellë (tg), shtjellur / shtjellun

PAlb. *śtel- < QIE *stel-o-; ste̅l- (aor.)

Alb. mbështjell [verb] (g) {1} ‘to wind up, roll up, wrap up’ (AE 376)

PIE *stel- ‘to set, lay, put, place’ (Pok. 1019)

Gr. στέλλω ‘to arrange, set, lay’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix mbë-.

shtoj [verb] (tg) ‘to add, increase, augment’

Present: shtoj; Aorist: shtova; Part.: shtuar / shtuom {1}, shtu(e), shtu(e)m

PAlb. *śta̅u- < QIE *steh2u-o-, steh2-io-? (AE 378)

PIE *steh2(u)- ‘to stand, set, lay’ (Pok. 1004)

Lith. stóviu ‘to stand, stay’; Latv. stãvet ‘to stand, stay’

Notes: {1} Buz.

shtãj [verb] (g) ‘to be stable, stop’

Present: shtãj / shtãn (2/3s); Aorist: shtana; Part.: shtã

PAlb. *stan- < QIE *sth2-no- {1} (AE 378)

PIE *steh2- ‘to stand, set, lay’ (Pok. 1004)

Arm. stanam ‘arise’

Notes: {1} Possibly an original verbal adjective.

shtrij [verb] (tg) ‘to lay (down), throw (down), strech out’

Present: shtrij / shtrĩj; Aorist: shtriva / shtrĩna; Part.: shtrirë / shtrĩ(m)

PAlb. *śtrin- < QIE *str̥n(e)h3- (AE 378)

PIE *sterh3-, streh3- ‘to spread, scatter, bring down’ (Pok. 1029)

Skt. str̥ṇḁ̅́ti ‘to strew, scatter’

ik(i) [verb] (tg) ‘to go away’

Present: ik (tg), (h)iki / ikënj; Aorist: (h)ika; Part.: ikur / (h)ikë, (h)ikun

PAlb. *ik- {2} < QIE *h1(e)iK-

Alb. shkoj [verb] (tg) ‘to go (on), go forward’ {1} (AE 379)

PIE *h1ei- ‘to go’ _?_ (Pok. 296)

Notes: {1} Alb., yet old formation with the verbal suffix -o- < *-e̅- < *-eh1 and the intensive

prefix sh-: *š(V)-ik-e̅-. {2} [MdV] In Buzuku, the verb possesses some forms without -k:

2s.impv. itë, 2p.impv. itëni, 3s.impf. it(ë). Hence, the older stem seems to have been it-. This

might be etymologically connected with the verb ecën ’ to move, walk’.

shtyj [verb] (tg) ‘to push (along), jostle, shove’

Present: shtyj / shtỹj; Aorist: shtyva / shtyra, shtỹna; Part.: shtyrë / shtỹ(m)

PAlb. *śtu(d)ni- < QIE *stu(d)-nio- (AE 379)

PIE *(s)teu-C- ‘to pull, push, strike’ (Pok. 1032)

Go. stautan ‘to strike’

shtroj [verb] (tg) ‘to spread, scatter, lay down’

Present: shtroj; Aorist: shtrova; Part.: shtruar / shtru(e), shtru(e)m

PAlb. *śt(a)re̅- < QIE *str(h3)-eh1- {1}

Alb. shtrofkë [f] (tg) {2} ‘den (of wild beasts), lair, burrow’ (AE 379)

PIE *sterh3- ‘to spread, scatter, floar’ (Pok. 1029)

OCS prostrěti ‘to spread’

Notes: {1} Probably, an Alb. verbal formation. {2} Deverbative formation with the suffix -kë

from the aorist stem (Alb. *štrov-kə).

ter [verb] (tg) ‘to dry (up)’

Present: ter; Aorist: tera; Part.: terë (tg), terur / terun

PAlb. *to̅rei- < QIE *tors-eie-

Alb. shter(r) [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to dry up, to run dry’ (AE 384)

PIE *ters- ‘to dry (up)’ (Pok. 1078)

Lat. torreo̅ ‘to dry’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the intensive prefix sh-. Frequently also with ‘hardening’ of

the stem auslaut for expressive reasons.

tjerr {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to spin’

Present: tjerr; Aorist: tora; Part.: tjerrë

PAlb. *ter- < QIE *ter(H/K)-o-; te̅r(H/K)- (aor.) (AE 387)

PIE *ter(H)-(K-) ‘to rub, spin’ (Pok. 1071, 1090)

Lat. tero̅ ‘to rub’; torqueo̅ ‘to twist, turn’

Notes: {1} With ‘hardening’ of the stem auslaut.

tredh [verb] (tg) ‘to castrate’

Present: tredh; Aorist: tredha; Part.: tredhë (tg), tredhur / tredhun

PAlb. *treuδ- < QIE *treud-o- (AE 388)

PIE *treu-d- ‘to squeeze, crush, press’ (Pok. 1095)

Lat. trūdo̅ ‘to push, force, press’

Go. usÞriutan ‘to bother, persecute’

ndrydh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to sprain, suppress, withdraw’

Present: ndrydh; Aorist: ndrydha; Part.: ndrydhë (tg), ndrydhur, ndrydhun

PAlb. * ̊truδ- < QIE *trud-(i)o-

Alb. shtrydh [verb] (tg) ‘to squash, press, squeeze’; ndrys [verb] (tg) {2} ‘to massage’ (AE

388)

PIE *treu-d- ‘to squeeze, crush, press’ (Pok. 1095)

OCS truditi ‘to load, plague’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the (a)n-. {2} From ̥trud-io-.

tremb {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to frighten, scare, to get a fright’

Present: tremb / trẽm(b); Aorist: tremba / trẽm(b)a; Part.: trembë, trembur / trẽm(b)ë,

trẽm(b)un

PAlb. *trem(b)- < QIE *trem-o- (AE 388)

PIE *trem- ‘to tripp, patter, tremble’ (Pok. 1092)

Lat. tremo̅ ‘to tremble’

Notes: {1} With labial "epenthesis" in stem auslaut.

thaj [verb] (tg) ‘to dry (up)’

Present: thaj; Aorist: thava; Part.: tharë / tha(m)

PAlb. *ϑau-(ni-) {1} (AE 392)

PIE *seh2us-, sh2eus-, h2seus- ‘dry, arid’ _?_ (Pok. 881)

Gr. αὕω to dry (up)

Notes: {1} Only under the assumption of an old regressive dissimilation of the two s.

thek [verb] (tg) ‘to toast, brown, warm one’s feet’

Present: thek; Aorist: theka; Part.: thekë (tg), thekur / thekun

PAlb. *ϑeuk- < QIE *ḱeuk-o- (AE 393)

PIE *ḱeuk- ‘to glow, burn, lighten?’ (Pok. 597)

Skt. śócati ‘to glow, burn, lighten’

ther {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to cut, prick, pierce, slaughter’

Present: ther; Aorist: thera; Part.: therë (tg), therur / therun

PAlb. *tśo̅r- < QIE *ḱe/oh3-ro-

Alb. ther(r)ë [f] (tg) ‘sting, quill, prickle, thorn(-bush)’ (AE 396)

PIE *ḱeh3-(i-) ‘to sharpen, whet’ (Pok. 541)

Arm. sowr ‘sharp’

Notes: {1} Alb. denominative formation.

thom [verb] (tg) ‘to say’

Present: thom (tg), thua / thue (2s) {1}, thotë (tg) (3s); Aorist: thashë (tg), thae (g); Part.:

thënë / thãnë {2}

PAlb. *ϑe̅m- < QIE *ḱeh1s-mi; ḱh1s- (aor.); ḱh1s-no- (part.) (AE 399)

PIE *ḱeh1(n)s- ‘to say, instruct, announce’ (Pok. 566)

Skt. śḁ̅́sti ‘to instruct, advise, command’

Notes: {1} Buz. thuo. {2} Impv. thoshë (tg) < *ḱeh1s-ṃ.

vej [verb] (tg) ‘to weave’

Present: vej (tg), venj (t); Aorist: vejta (tg), jenja (t); Part.: vejtë (tg), vejtur / vejturë

PAlb. *uei- < QIE *h2u-ei- (AE 413)

PIE *h2eu- ‘to weave’ _?_ (Pok. 75)

Skt. váyati ‘to weave’

vesh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to dress, wear’

Present: vesh, vishem (1sr); Aorist: vesha; Part.: veshë (tg), veshur / veshun

PAlb. *uaśei- < QIE *uos-eie- (AE 416)

PIE *ues- ‘to dress’ (Pok. 1172)

Skt. va̅sáyati ‘to dress, clothe’; Go. wasjan ‘to dress’

Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel.

vjedh [verb] (tg) ‘to rob, steal, purloin’

Present: vjedh; Aorist: vodha; Part.: vjedhë (tg), vjedhur / vjedhun

PAlb. *ueδ- < QIE *uedh(H)-o-; ue̅dh(H)- (aor.) (AE 421)

PIE *uedh-(H-) {1} ‘to push, strike, beat’ (Pok. 1115)

Skt. vádhati ‘to strike, destroy’

Notes: {1} Can also be connected with the root ueǵh- ‘to pull; drive’: ueǵh-o-, cf. Skt. váhati.

vjell [verb] (tg) ‘to vomit, spew’

Present: vjell; Aorist: volla; Part.: vjellë

PAlb. *uel- < QIE *uelH-o-; ue̅l- (aor.)

Alb. zhdërvjell [verb] (tg) {1} ‘to unravel, untangle’; (i) zvjellët [adj] (tg) {2} ‘agile, nimble,

supple’ (AE 422)

PIE *uelH- ‘to turn, twist’ (Pok. 1140)

Skt. válati ‘to turn (round), twist’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with zh-dër-. {2} Alb. formation with z- and -(ë)t(ë).

vjel [verb] (tg) ‘to pick (up), gather, pluck’

Present: vjel; Aorist: vola; Part.: vjelë

PAlb. *uell- < QIE *uels-o-; ue̅ls- (aor.) (AE 423)

PIE *uel-(s-) ‘to tear, seize upon’ _?_ (Pok. 1145)

Lat. vello̅ ‘to pluck, tug’

vjerr {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to hang (up)’

Present: vjerr; Aorist: vora; Part.: vjerrë

PAlb. *(a)uer- < QIE *h2uer-o-; h2ue̅r- (aor.) (AE 423)

PIE *h2uer- ‘to bind, hang (up)’ (Pok. 1150)

Gr. ἀείρω ‘to heave, hoist up’

Notes: {1} With ‘hardening’ of the auslaut.

var [verb] (tg) ‘to hang (up)’

Present: var; Aorist: vara; Part.: varur / varë, varun

PAlb. *(a)uarei- < QIE *h2uor-eio/e-

Alb. varg [m] (tg) ‘row, range, file, chain’ (AE 423)

PIE *h2uer- ‘to bind, hang (up)’ (Pok. 1150)

zvjerdh {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to wean (away from)’

Present: zvjerdh; Aorist: zvordha; Part.: zvjerdhë (tg), zvjerdhur / zvjerdhun

PAlb. * ̊uerδ- < QIE *uerǵh-o-; ue̅rǵh- (aor.) (AE 432)

PIE *uer-ǵh- ‘to constrain, twist’ (Pok. 1154)

Lith. verž̃ͅ ti ‘to constrain, lace’; MHG erwergen ‘to scrag, strangle’

Notes: {1} With the privative prefix z-.

ngul {1} [verb] (tg) ‘to prick, drive in, spit’

Present: ngul; Aorist: ngula; Part.: ngulë (tg), ngulur (t)

PAlb. * ̊gull- < QIE *gwl̥ H-(e)i-

Alb. gul [adj] (t) ‘hornless’ (AE 187)

PIE *gwelH- ‘to prick’ (Pok. 470)

Lith. gélti ‘to prick’; gìlti ‘to get pained, ache’

Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the prefix (a)n-.

ALBANIA_ILIRE_PELLAZGE

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Thursday, August 22, 2024

Etimologjitë e shqipes Bardhyl Demiraj

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